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AP Biology Ch 43
Campbell Reece AP Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pathogens | infectious agents that cause disease |
| Immune System | System that enables animals to avoid or limit many infections |
| Innate Immunity | Response active immediately upon infection and are the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously |
| Acquired Immunity | Also known as adaptive immunity, responses activated after innate immune defenses take effect and develop more slowly |
| Barrier Defenses | Skin, mucous membrane, secretions |
| Internal Defenses | Phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, natural killer cells |
| Humoral Response | Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids |
| Cell-Mediated Response | Cytotoxic lymphocytes defend against infection in body cells |
| Lysozyme | An enzyme that digests microbial cell walls |
| Phagocytosis | the ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign substances |
| Toll-like Receptor (TLR) | In mammals recognizes fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens |
| Neutrophils | The most abundant phagocytic cells in mammalian body |
| Macrophages | Migrate through body or reside in various organs and tissues engulf and destroy microbes |
| Eosinophils | Type of phagocytosis, have low phagocytic activity position themselves against the parasite's body and then discharge destructive enzymes that damage the invader |
| Dendritic Cells | Populate tissue that are in contact with the environment. Stimulate development of acquired immunity. |
| Interferons | Proteins that provide innate defense against viral infections. Virus infected body cells secrete interferons, inducing nearby uninfected cells to produce substances that prohibit viral reproduction |
| Complement System | Roughly 30 proteins in the blood plasma that fight infections |
| Inflammatory Response | Chemical signals released upon injury or infection. Histamine stored in mast cells dilates blood vessels at the site of injury. |
| Natural Killer Cells | Recognize and eliminate certain diseased cells in vertebrates. |
| Lymphocytes | Types of white blood cells including B cells and T cells |
| T Cells | Lymphocytes that develop in the thymus |
| B Cells | Lymphocytes that develop in the bone marrow |
| Cytokines | Proteins that help recruit and activate lymphocytes |
| Antigen | Any foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them is called an ____ |
| Anitgen Receptors | How B and T cells recognize antigens |
| Immunoglobin | the secreted protein from plamsa cells |
| Epitope | The small accessible portion of an antigen that antigen receptors and antibodies recognize. |
| B Cell Receptor | Y shaped with four polypeptide chains, two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains |
| T Cell Receptor | Consists of two different polypeptide chains and alpha and a beta chain, linked by a disulfide bridge. |
| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) | produces a host cell protein that can present an antigen fragment to t cell receptors |
| Antigen Presentation | the display of the antigen fragment on the cell surface |
| Class I MHC Molecules | found on almost all cells of the body. Bind peptide fragments of foreign antigens synthesized within the cell. |
| Class II MHC Molecules | Made by just a few cell types. Bind peptides derived from foreign materials that have been internalized and fragmented through phagocytosis |
| Antigen-Presenting Cells | Dendritic cells, macrophages and b cells; key role in displaying such internalized antigens |
| Helper T Cells | A group of T Cells that assist both B cells and cytotoxic T celss |
| Memory Cells | long lived but few in number, bear receptors specific for the antigen |
| Clonal selection | The proliferation of a lymphocyte into a clone of cells in response to binding an antigen |
| Primary Immune Response | Peaks about 10 to 17 days after the initial exposure, selected B cells generate anitobdy secreting effector b cells, called plamsa cells |
| Secondary Immune Response | If an individual is exposed again to the same antigen, the response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged |
| CD8 | A surface protein found on most cytotoxic T cells, enhances interaction between target cells and cytotoxic T cell. |
| Monoclonal Antibodies | Prepared from a single clone of B cells grown in culture |
| Active Immunity | In response to infection, clones of memory cells form |
| Passive immunity | The transferred antibodies are poised to immediately help destroy any pathogens for which they are specific |
| Allergens | Cetain antigens in which allergies are exaggerated |
| Autoimmune disease | When the immune system turns against particular molecules of the body |
| Immunodeficiency | A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent |
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acrippin94
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