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World Ocean Exam 3
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Does the sun or moon exert more influence on tides on Earth? Why? | The moon exerts more because the Sun is farther away. |
| How long is a lunar month? | 29 1/2 days |
| How do tides vary over the lunar month? | About every 7 days the tides switch between spring (high) and neap (low) over the lunar month |
| Diurnal tidal pattern | 1 high, 1 low each lunar day (pd. 24 hrs 50min) |
| Semi diurnal tidal pattern | 2 high, 2 low each lunar day (pd. 12 hrs 25min) |
| Mixed tidal pattern | 2 high, 2 low with varying heights (diurnal inequality) **MOST COMMON** |
| What does it mean for tides to flood? ebb? | spring= flood -current as high nears neap= ebb-current as low nears |
| A full solar day is? | 24 hours |
| A full lunar day is? | 24 hours and 50 mins |
| A full tidal cycle is? | 24 hours and 50 mins |
| Neap tides occur about? | twice a month |
| The sun and the moon have relatively equal tide-generating forces on Earth. True or False? | False |
| Coastal storms coinciding with spring tides typically? | Result in more damage than storms with neap tides. |
| The vertical difference between high and low tide is? | Tidal Range |
| An area that experiences one high and one low tide per day..experiences? | Diurnal Tides |
| The seaward flow of water due to tidal forces through an inlet is called? | an ebb tide |
| Swash | When a wave breaks and water rushes up on shore, sediment is moved towards land. (beach growth) |
| Backwash | When water drains back to sea, sediment is moved away from shore. (beach loss) |
| What is a "summer beach" like? | Fair weather, light wave activity, swash dominates, sediment moved up beach face, wider berm |
| What is a "winter beach" like? | Stormy weather, heavy wave activity, backwash dominates, sediment moved down beach face, narrower berm, sand accumulates in longshore bars |
| What are rip currents and how do you escape one? | They form where excess of backwash flows back out to sea as a current (versus sheet flow). It is a strong, narrow current Recognized by break in crests, foamy surface, brown color within surf. To escape: swim to the side then back to shore |
| Parts of a barrier island. | Beach, dune, barrier flat, low/high salt marsh (see diagram we made in class) |
| Why are barrier islands important? | They are buffers, they protect areas from storms and surf. Stretch 2000+ miles NY-TX. Marshes form behind the barrier islands in the protected lagoons. The marshes are critical nurseries for many fish and shellfish, providing nesting grounds, food |
| What is longshore drift? | Net movement of the sand (parallel to shoreline) |
| Name and describe 4 types hard stabilization. | JETTIES-protect harbor entrances GROIN-designed to trap sand (perpendicular to shore) BREAKWATERS-built beyond the surface SEAWALLS-built to armor the coast (both those are parallel) |
| How effective is hard stabilization over time? | It erodes over time. Not very effective |
| Crustal movement (sea level changes and 2 examples) | (land) Localized tectonism- pacific coast of u.s (active plate margin). Isostatic Adjustments-ice-loading and rebounding |
| Global (eustatic)changes in sea level | Changes in seafloor spreading rates. Lake build up or destruction- ice volume changes |
| What is a submerging shoreline? | Shorelines shrinking below sea level. Drowned beaches, river valleys and dunes |
| what is a emerging shoreline? | Shoreline rising above current sea level. Marine terraces |
| Which type of hard stabilization is constructed perpendicular to a coastline for the purpose of trapping sand moving in longshore transport? | groin |
| The largest contributor to global sea level rise today is? | melting of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets |
| Which type of hard stabilization is constructed in pairs perpendicular to a coastline for the purpose of protecting harbor inlets? | jetties |
| Along the Atlantic coast, sea level is rising at the rate of about? | one foot per century |
| The average global rate of sea level rise is approximately equal to the rate of sea level rise along the Atlantic coast. True or False? | True |
| During the most recent Pleistocene glacial maximum, global sea level was lower by about? | 400 feet |
| Drowned river valleys like the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays indicate emerging shorelines. True or False? | False |
| Seawalls are effective at controlling erosion. True or false? | False |
| Emergent coastlines might have any of the following features EXCEPT? | Drowned beaches |
| Eustatic sea level changes result from all of the following EXCEPT? | glacial rebound in Maine and Nova Scotia |
| TYPES OF COASTAL WATERS-Estuary | Partially enclosed coastal area with ocean water and freshwater (runoff) (river coming into sea) |
| TYPES OF COASTAL WATERS-Coastal Wetland | Ecosystem with water table close to surface. Like swamp, salt marsh |
| TYPES OF COASTAL WATERS-Lagoon | Shallow coastal water separated(by barrier island) from ocean. NO influx of fresh water |
| TYPES OF COASTAL WATERS-Marginal Sea | Relatively large semi-isolated body of water. (ex.gulf of Mexico) |
| Estuary Types (by geologic origin)-COASTAL PLAIN | (Bay)Former river valley now flooded with water. Also known as a drowned river valley. (v- shaped by water) |
| Estuary Types (by geologic origin)- FJORD | u-shaped valley carved by ice. Former glaciated valley now flooded with seawater |
| Estuary Types (by geologic origin)- BAR-BUILT | Lagoon separated from ocean by sand bar or barrier island |
| Estuary Types (by geologic origin)- Tectonic | Faulted or folded down- dropped area now flooded with ocean |
| Estuarine Circulation | Low salinity surface water moves toward the mouth and denser high salinity water at depth moves toward the head. (MEDITERRANEAN CIRCULATION OPPOSITE-ocean flows into med) |
| The movement of sand parallel to the shoreline describes..? | Longshore Drift |
| The majority of people in the United States live near a coast. True or False? | True |
| Which zone is alternately submerged and exposed as tides rise and fall? | Intertidal |
| Sand eroded from beaches during storms is stored in...? | Longshore bars |
| During the summer, light wave activity moves sand? | From longshore bars to the berm |
| During Hurricane Sandy,NJ beaches experienced? | Heavy waves, Backwash, Erosion |
| A barrier island is separated from mainland by? | A lagoon |
| If your sailboat lands on the ocean side of a barrier island, you are on the? | Beach |
| If your sailboat lands on the lagoon side of the barrier island, you are on the? | Low Marsh |
| The native beach grass widely planted in these latitudes to hold dunes is? | Ammophila |
| Walking a barrier island from lagoon to ocean, you cross? | Marsh, Barrier flat, Dune, Beach |
| "Eustatic" sea level change is the same as local sea level change. True or False? | False (its global) |
| Global sea level change results from all EXCEPT? | glacial REBOUND in coastal Maine (ME) |
| Drowned river valleys indicate an emerging shoreline. True or False? | False (its submerging) |
| The largest contributor to global sea level rise today is? | Melting of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice |
| Residents of Tuvalu are very concerned about? | Sea level rise, because of the size of their island |
| Which area has the highest average rate of erosion/year? | Gulf Coast |
| This is also called a drowned river valley. | Coastal plain estuary |
| Barrier islands of NC's Outer Banks enclose one of these. | Bar-Built estuary |
| Chesapeake and Delaware Bays are examples of this. | Coastal plain estuary |
| A U-shaped profile (cross-section) is typical of a? | Fjord |
| An anoxic zone is lacking? | oxygen |
| Coastal wetlands in temperate areas are? | Salt Marshes |
| Coastal wetlands in tropical areas are? | Mangrove swamps |
| Classification of marine organism by habitat & mobility ---PLANKTON (1 of 3) | DRIFTERS. most of Earth's biomass. Phytoplankton-drifting autotrophs. Zooplankton-drifting heterotrophs. Bacterioplankton- drifting bacteria. Virioplankton- drifting viruses. |
| Classification of marine organism by habitat & mobility ---NEKTON (2 of 3) | SWIMMERS. ex. sharks, fish, etc. |
| Classification of marine organism by habitat & mobility --- BENTHOS (3 of 3) | BOTTOM DWELLERS. Epifauna- ON surface of seafloor(starfish). Infauna-withIN seafloor sediment. Nektobenthos-may swim above seafloor |
| How do land and ocean environment differ? | SEAWATER is dense, has high viscosity, the temp and salinities may fluctuate, contains variable amounts of dissolved gases, high transparency, MOSTLY IN COMPLETE DARKNESS. Land varies less |
| How have organisms adapted to the marine environment? | Many organisms lack rigid skeletons, appendages, or vast root systems. many rely on buoyancy and friction to maintain their position with the water column. Transparency, camouflage, countershading, migration(DSL, Disruptive coloring |
| Pelagic (Oceanic and Neritic) | Open ocean environment. Neritic- water depth 0-200m (656ft). Oceanic- greater than 200m (656ft) |
| Bentic | Pertaining to ocean bottom |
| Euphotic | (true light) From the surface of the ocean to a depth where enough light exists to support photosynthesis (rarely deeper than 100m/330ft) |
| Disphotic | (losing light) Dimly lit zone, corresponding approximately to the mesopelagic in which there is not enough light to support photosynthesis organisms |
| Aphotic | without light. The ocean is generally in this state below 1000m (3280ft) |
| Compared to freshwater fishes, marine fishes...? | lose water by osmosis since their internal salt concentrations are lower than those of seawater |
| An organism that tolerates a wide range of salinities is referred to as? | euryhaline |
| All of the following are adaptive solutions employed by marine organisms to prevent sinking EXCEPT? | decreasing cellular fat content |
| Neritic marine organisms are found where? | on continental shelves |
| The majority of marine species inhabit benthic environments. True or False? | True |
| Photosynthesis occurs in the aphotic zone. True or False? | False |
| The color pattern on which marine organisms are dark on the top and light on the bottom of their bodies is called? | Countershading |
| Epifaunal and infaunal organisms are benthic. True or False? | True |
| Organisms inhabiting the DSL migrate upward at night and hide at depth during the day. True or False? | True |
| Organisms that cannot withstand large changes in temperature are referred to as? | stenothermal |
| Hammerhead sharks are? | Nekton |
| A foraminifera that burrows in seafloor sediment is? | Infaunal bethos |
| A coccolithophore is? | Phytoplankton |
| A starfish is? | Epifaunal bethos |
| A fish in the Chesapeake Bay will be? | Eurythermal and Euryhaline |
| Seawater viscosity increases as temperature decreases. True or False? | True |
| Warm-water plankters are likely to be more oranate than cold-water plankters. True or False? | True |
Created by:
emilyclawson
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