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micro lab exam part2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type I hypersensitivity is also known as ..which happens within.. | immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity..15-30 minutes after exposure |
| skin hypersensitivity causes..which are also called.. | eczema and hives...urticaria |
| eye hypersensitivity is called | conjunctivitis |
| nasopharynx hypersense is called | rhinorrhea or rhinitis |
| bronchopulmonary tissues | asthma |
| gi tract | gastroenteritis |
| Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by the | IgE isotype of immunoglobulin` |
| The primary cellular component in this hypersensitivity is the | mast cell or basophil |
| what cell do you also need for hypersensitivyt..which does what... | b cell..produces ige |
| allergen = | antigen |
| people with increased hypersensitivyt have more | th2 cells that secrete cytokines that favor switching to ige |
| sensitization happens to..and occurs when... | mast cells or basophils...an ige against allergen binds to the fc receptors |
| Upon contact with the allergen a second time, the allergen now attaches to...causing... | IgE present on mast cells,...degranulation. |
| The substances released by mast cells are generally referred to as the | mediators of inflammation |
| Chemicals that are responsible for allergy signs and symptoms include | histamine and leukotriens and prostaglandins |
| Histamine -- causes ...as well as... | contraction of smooth muscles of bronchi...increased permeability of caps leading to accumulation of fluid in the tissues (edema) and loss of blood volume |
| Leukotrienes (formerly called...)cause... | slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis or srsa)...prolonged contraction of smooth muscle |
| leukotrienes and prostaglandins are initially produced by | mast and basophisl |
| anaphylaxis is a...to a... | sever, whole body allergic reaction..chemical that has become an allergen |
| common causes of anaphylaxis include | drugs, food and insect bites/stings |
| Signs of anaphylaxis include | arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, urticaria, hypotension, mental confusion, tachycardia (rapid), cyanosis (blue skin lack of o2) angioedema (swelling of throat and airways), swelling of eyes/face, lethargy and wheezing |
| The simplest, most typical method of diagnosis and monitoring of type I hypersensitivity is by | skin testing, also known as prick testing |
| if a patient is allergic to the substance, then a .... | a visible inflammatory reaction will usually occur within 30 minutes |
| Management of allergy is | supportive |
| Supportive management means that, while there is currently...,... | no cure for allergy,...support can be offered to the patient and may even by life saving |
| allergy treatments include | antihistamines and administration of o2 and clearing fluid from lungs |
| Antihistamines, which act to ... | neutralize the histamine in the circulation |
| In the case of severe anaphylaxis..is given | epi |
| Epinephrine (also called adrenaline) inhibits further | release of histamine, dilates the bronchioles, and constricts smooth muscle in the peripheral blood vessels |
| culture and sensitivity test looks for | type of specie/strain and which drugs will be effective |
| lawn = ...and is also called... | no discernable colonies..confluent inoculation |
| when a bacteria is sensitive to an antibiotic, a ..developes | halo where there is no growth |
| when a bacteria is intermediately sensitive to an antibiotic, you get a somewhat | cloudy plaque where not all members of the species are sensitive |
| when a bacteria is resistant, you see | no plaques and it will be ineffective |
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were first reported in the early ...and are now regarded as.. | 1960s...major nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pathogen worldwide |
| Today, approximately ...of hospital strains of s aureus are resistant to methicillin | 35% |
| There are an estimated ...though only about...types have been identified | one million dif species of fungi...200,000 |
| approx...are known to cause diease | 150 species of fungi |
| Out of these 150 species...cause the majority of al fungal infections | 1% |
| yeast colonies on agar appear...and an example would be... | slimy..candida albicans |
| mold on agar appears...and an example would be.. | fuzzy..aspergillus |
| yeast cells do what | bud |
| mold cells demonstrate | hyphae (rods) and spores (circles) |
| The simplest method of determining the difference between fungi is looking at their method of | reproduction |
| fungi reproduction happens either via | budding or fruiting bodies |
| budding is the form of...for.. | asexual reproduction for yeasts |
| molds undergo...by forming..at the ends of... | sexual reproductionh..fruiting bodies..hyphae |
| the fruiting bodies form and discharge | spores |
| Hyphae are composed of | long, threadlike cells that make up the main bodies of filamentous fungi. |
| yeasts appear..while molds appear more... | colorless...colorful and textured |
| Cryptococcus neoformans, considered a..causes a... | rare pathogen until two decades ago.....severe and ususally fatal meningitis in people with aids |
| superficial fungal infections = | tinea pedis...candida albicans |
| Due to their similarities to human cells, fungal infections in general are | very difficult to treat |
| Some of the more effective antifungal drugs include those that | bind to, or inhibit the synthesis of, ergosterol |
| ergosteral is a...found only in.. | sterol..fungal cell membranes |
| resident flora are | permanent |
| transient flora are | not normally there but can be acquired through contaminated sources |
| who discovered handwashing | ignaz semmelweis |
| bhi agar is | nonselective |
| mitis salviarius agar is a..which only grows... | selective agar...strep and the enterococci in the mouth |
| The human body is made up of about ...but it hosts... | 10 trillion...100 trillion non human cells |
| Many normal flora provide direct benefits, such as | making vitamins or aiding digestion |
| Even though some normal flora provide no benefits to the host and merely take up space and resources, they help | prevent pathogens (disease-causing microbes) from easily invading the body and causing illness |
| Axenic areas include the (no microbes) | body cavity (peritoneum), lungs, central nervous system, circulatory system, and upper urogenital regions (kidneys, e.g.). |
| Resident microbiota typically colonize the | surface of the skin, mucous membranes, digestive tract, upper respiratory system and distal portion of the urogenital system |
| resident microbiota have a...relationship w/ the host | commensal (benefit w/ no harm) |
| transient can't stay on body bec of | competition from resident microbes elimination by the body’s immune system physical or chemical changes within the body that discourage the growth of transient microbes |
| The purpose of the surgical hand scrub is to not only remove and destroy any ...but also to.. | transient flora...to reduce the resident normal flora |
| sterilization means | destroying all life |
| In contrast to sterilization, disinfection implies that | the number of pathogenic organisms is greatly reduced (but not to zero) |
| most disinfectants are...meaning they... | bacteriostatic...prevent organisms from growing |
| bactericidal agents can't be used because | they also would kill healthy tissues |
| Disinfectants are substances that are applied | to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects |
| Antibiotics -- destroy | microorganisms within the body |
| Antiseptics -- destroy microorganisms | on living tissue |
| Sterilization -- an | extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life |
| Sanitizers -- substances that | simultaneously clean and disinfect (antibacterial soap, for instance) |
| Bacterial endospores are | most resistant to disinfectants (bacillus and clostridium) |
| what is the effect of boiling on g+ bacteria | staph - no growth |
| what is the effect of boiling on g- bacteria | e coli - no growth |
| what is the effect of boiling on g+ endospore forming rods | bacillus - still growth |
| what is the effect of autoclaving on g+, g- and g+ endospores | no growth |
| "Biocide"; is a general term describing | a chemical agent, usually broad spectrum, that inactivates microorganisms. |
| antiseptics are..that... | biocides...destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue |
| disinfectants are used on...and can be... | inanimate objects or surfaces..sporistatic (inhibits germination of spores) |
| Preservation is the prevention of | multiplication of microorganisms in formulated products, including pharmaceuticals and foods |
| Neisseria are ..that also require... | aerobes...8% co2 for their growth conditions |
| neisseria produces an..called...whose presence is used to identify.. | enzyme...oxidase...these bacteria |
| neisseria are...that resemble... | g- diplococci (pairs)...coffee beans |
| the two pathogenic strains of neisseria are | N. meningitidis (meningococci) and N. gonorrhoeae (gonococci) |
| N. meningitidis (meningococci) and N. gonorrhoeae (gonococci) often cause | asymptomatic infections, a commensal-like behavior |
| Most gonococcal infections are | asymptomatic and self-resolving |
| Gonorrhea, caused by ...is one of the most... | N. gonorrhoeae...frequently reported infectious diseasese in the u.s./world |
| Neisseria meningitidis is the causative organism of | meningococcal (epidemic) meningitis |
| there are between...cases of meningococcal meningitis per year i nthe u.s. and approx. ...of the cases occur in children between... | 2000-3000...50%...1-4 years old |
| N. meningitidis infects the ..causing a.. | nasopharynx...mild or sub-clinical upper resp infection |
| about...of n. meningitidis cases involve the organism... | 15%...invadingthe blood and disseminating (septicemia) and cause meningitis |
| In the clinic, gonorrhea can be quickly identified by | Gram-staining a sample of urethral discharge and then observing it under a light microscope to look for G(-) diplococci |
| since some species of neisseria are...you have to identify... | normal flora (n mucosa)...the specific species (cta or sugar fermentation reaction) |
| To culture Neisseria in laboratory, we use...which is an agar plate containing... | Thayer-Martin agar (selective media)...components that facilitate the growth of Neisseria species while inhibiting the growth of contaminating bacteria and fungi. |
| doing the cta involves using...and looking for... | pH indicator phenol red, and a single carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose or maltose)...a color change to yellow bec of acids |
| n. gonorrheae ferments | glucose |
| n mucosa ferments | sucrose, glucose and maltose |
| n meningitidis ferments | glucose and maltose |
| The bacteriophage life cycle involves | attachment (adsorption), penetration, nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis (transcription/translation),assembly, lysis/release |
| A bacteriophage recognizes a...and then.. | protein on the outside surface of its target microbe...binds this protein, allowing it to inject its genome into the cell |
| Many bacteriophage types recognize and replicate in only one bacterial strain, a demonstration of | specificity |
| Hence, we can distinguish different strains of bacteria by observing which type(s) of | phage will target these different bacterial isolates |
| Phage typing of Staphylococci has its most important practical application in | tracing the point source of outbreaks of severe staphylococcal infections |
| in phage typing, you observe for ares of....where..which is called... | lysis of staph by the phage...there is no bacterial growth..plaques or zones of inhibition |
| if a sample is sensitive to phage, then they are | the same strain of staph |
Created by:
handrzej
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