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CHGN-426 Exam 3
Spring 2013 microbiology flash cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the five classes of Proteobaceria? | Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Epsilion |
| What are the five way in which bacteria are classified relating to their tolerance for O2? | Aerobic, Anaerobe, Facultative aerobes (close to surface respire), Microaerophile, and Aerotolerant (fermentors) |
| Purple phototrophic bacteria | carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis. Examples include purple sulfur bacteria and purple non sulfur bactria |
| Purple sulfur bacteria | use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for CO2 reduction. elemental sulfur is created and released as sulfate ions |
| Nitrifying Bacteria | oxdaatoin of ammonia to nitrate occurs with in two steps each done in a different bacteria. Ammonia oxidizers and Nitrite oxidizers |
| Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria | grow chemilithotrophically on reduced sulfur such as H2S, S0 and S2O3^(-2) Examples include: Beggiatoa and Thioploca |
| Hydrogen Oxidizing Bacteria | use H2 as elecctron donor and O2 as acceptor |
| Methanotrophs | use methane as electron donors and source of carbon |
| Methylotrophs | use carbon compunds that lack C-C bond |
| Enteric Bacteria | two groups: Mixed acid fermenters and 2,3-butanediol fermenters Examples: Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella |
| Rickettsias | can cause typus and rocky montain spotted fever |
| Budding Bacteria | divide as a result of unequal cell growth |
| Stalked Bacteria | use appendates to increase surface to volume ratio |
| Nonsporulating firmicutes | staphylococus, streptococcus, ans Lactobacillus |
| Listeria | form chains 3-5 cells long: Nonsporulating firmicute |
| Endospore forming Firmicutes | Bacillus, Clostridium and Sporosarcina Endospores are advantaegous for spoil dwelling microorganisms |
| Clostridium | anaerobic. Can cause diseases such as botulism, tetanus, and gangrene Can be found in imporperly canned food. |
| Corynebacterium | form club-shaped or V-shaped arrangments casued by lack of division of cell wall after replication |
| Propionic acid bacteria | Swiss Cheese Secondary Fermentation: obtaining energy from fermented products produced by other bacteria |
| Streptomyces | produces an antibiotic allowing for expanded growth Antibiotics can be harvested and used to treat diseases |
| Cyanobacteria | gas vesicles are used to maintain bouyancey many produce potent neurotoxins |
| Chlamydia | one of the leading sexually transmitted diseases Unique in that it reproduces inside host cells |
| Deinococci | source of taq polymerase used in PCR |
| What are the toxic forms of mercury? | CH3Hg, HGCl2 |
| Give an example of an Emerging contaminate | Estrogen - Released in urine of women taking birth control, leads to feminization of males in the wild |
| What are the layers of the skin | epidermis: outer portion Dermis: inner layer composed of connective tissue Sebum: a secreatd oil preventing drying out |
| Staph Infection | Caused by S. aureus which is a perminant resident of nasal cavaties Only pathogenic when skin is broken |
| Streptococccal infections of the skin | Causes meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, feaver and dental issues |
| Hemolysis | bursting of red blood cells |
| Necrotizing facitis | Flesh eating disease casuesed largely by streptococcus pyogenes |
| Mycosis | any fungal infection of the body |
| Dermatophytes | grow in keratin also called ringworm cause of athletes foot and jock itch |
| Candidiasis | Usually suppress the growth of fungi |
| thrush | witish overgrowth of the oral cavity due to Candida infections |
| Scabies | tiny mites burrow under skin to lay eggs leading to intense local itching |
| Pediculosis | infestation by lice on body or head. Low incidence among African American due to noncylindrical hair |
| Warts or Papillomas | Viral induced benign skin growth |
| Smallpox | caused by orthopox. can be variola major or variola minor |
| Reye's Syndrom | Persistent vomiting and brain dysfunction. Associated with use of asprin to lower fevers in chickenpox and influenza |
| Chickenpox and Shingles | After primary infection enters nerve cells where Abs can penetrate. Virus can be reactivated to cause a new outbreak (shingles). Shingles is localized to distinct areas due to unilateral nerves |
| Herpes Simplex 1 and 2 | cold sores and fever blisters occuring near the margin of the lips. Transmitted via skin to skin contact. May spread to brain leading to encephalitis |
| Measles | viral disease Spreading by the respiratory route. Infectous before symptoms appear. Presence of Koplik's spots is a diagnostic indicator. Small red spots with central blue/white specks. |
| Rubella | a more mild form of measles. |
| Conjunctivitis (pink eye) | inflamation of the conjunctivia. most common bacterial cause is Haemophilus influenzae. |
| Ophthalmia neonatorum | Serous conjunctivitis caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae aquired as baby passes through birth canal. |
| Inclusion Conjunctivitis | Chlamydial Conjunctivitis - again aquired as a baby passes through birth cancal |
| Diseases of the nervous system | devastating infectious diseases that can lead to deafness, blindness, learning disability, paralysis and death |
| Central Nervous System | Picks up and interpretes sensory information and sends impulses to coordinate body's activities. |
| Peripheral Nervous system | consists of all the nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord |
| meninges | continuous membrane surrounding brain and spinal cord |
| Meningitis | inflammation of the meninges |
| Encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| Bacterial meningitis | Initial symptoms: fever, headache, and stiff neck. Complex Symptoms: convulsions and coma |
| Viral meningitis | more common and mild than bacterial meningitis |
| What causes 80% of all meningitis cases in adults? | Combined Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Meingococcal meningitis | caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Symptoms caused by an endotoxin. Distinguished by ras that does not fade when pressed. Vaccines do not illicit response by memory B cells |
| Pneumoccal meningitis | caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Diagnosis requires sample of spinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture |
| Tetanus | cased by Clostridium tetani. Symptoms are caused by neurotoxin released upon death of bacterial cell. No inflamation |
| Vaccination of Tetanus | 1. Inactivated tozin stimulates formation of ABS that neutralize the toxin, Booster required every 10 years 2. Temporary immunity prepared from immunized humans can be administered when not enough time allowed for toxoid to be used |
| Botulism | Bacteria not harmful, but the exotoxin produced is very dangerous. Clostridium botulinum |
| Symptoms of Botulism | blurred vision difficulty swallowing and general weakness |
| Symptoms of tetanus | Opposing sets of muscles contract simultaneously resulting in characteristic muscle spasims. LockJaw is the result of this but presents early. Leads to death when repiratory muscles spasms |
| Opisthotonos | spasms of the back muscles casued by teatnus causing back to bow backward. |
| Botulinal Types | Type A toxin - Most virulent, death from a taste of food. Type B - responsible for many european outbreaks Type E - Produced in marine or lake sediments |
| Treatment of Botulism | Antibiotics offer no help because symptoms are caused by toxins. Antitoxin is ineffective because the toxin has already attached to the nerve endings |
| Leprosy | Caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Has never been grown on artificial media. Prefer to grow at 30 C. |
| What are the two forms of Leprosy | Neural: occurs in people with effective immune reactions, recovery is spontaneous Progressive: skin cells are disfigured and nodules form over body, can lead to necrosis of tissue |
| Polio | viral infection of nervous system best know for paralysis. Death caused by paralysis of respiratory muscles. |
| Diagnosis of polio | isolating virus from feces and throat secretions |
| Vaccination of pollio | Almost eradicated by WHO. Jonas Salk developed. |
| Rabies | Viral infection of nervous system. results in fatal encephalitis. characteristic bullet shape. Incubation peroid is long enough to allow immunity to develop from post exposure vaccination |
| Symptoms of Rabies | Classical: animals are restless and become excitable and snap, similar in humans Numb: minimal excitibility |
| Rabies prevention | If animal bite is positive for rabies imune gloulin injection into the gut are required. No effective treatment |
| Arboviral Encephalitis | Caused by mosquito borne viruses |
| African trypanosmiasis (sleeping sickness) | Trypanosoma brucei spread by tse tse fly |
| Symptoms of sleeping sicknes | minimal symptoms, however if reaches the CNS untreated coma and death are inevitable treatment |
| Amebic Meningoencephalitis | Ameba infects nasal mucosa then proceeds to the brain where it eats brain tissue. 100% fatal |
| septicemia | acute illness associated with the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood |
| Sepsis | inflammation caused by infection resulting in release of inflammation into the bloodstream |
| Symptoms of sepsis | fever, rapid heart rate, high white blood cell count, |
| Septic shock | when blood pressure is so low it cannot be controlled by the addition of fluids. Organ failure |
| Gram-Negative sepsis | most likely cause of septic shock. result of endotoxin released from lysis of pathogen |
| What is a nosocomial infection? | an infection obtained while at a hospital |
| What is endocarditis? | inflammation of the endocardium, which lines the heart muscle |
| Rheumatic fever | caused by Streptoccus pyogens, considered autoimmune complication. distinct subcutaneous nodules at joints |
| Sydenham's chorea | an unusual complication of Rheumatic fever resulting in uncontrolled movement |
| Brucellosis | Undulant fever, caused by Brucella bacteria. |
| Anhrax | Bacillus anthracis infection of heart. cause a fatal sepsis. |
| What are the two toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis? | edema and lethal toxin. |
| Edema toxin (anthrax) | causes local edema and interferes with phagocytosis by macrophage |
| lethal toxin (anthrax) | targets and kills macrophages, disabling the defenses of the host. |
| what are the three infectious forms of anthrax? | Cutaneous, Gastrointestinal, and Pulmonary |
| Cutaneous anthrax | resuls from contact with material containing anthrax. Endospore enters through minor skin lesion. Symptoms:depressed, ulcerated area covered by black scab |
| Gastrointestinal anthax | ingestion of under cooked food containing endospores. Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea |
| Pulmonary anthrax | most dangerous form, inhaled into lungs. Antibiotics are effective if administered quickly. |
| Gangrene | Death of tissue resulting from the loss of blood supply. Various Clostridium will grow easily |
| Treatment of gangrene | surgical removal of necrotic tissue and amputatuion |
| The plague | caused by Yersinia pestis, transmitted by rat flea. |
| Lyme Disease | most common tick borne disease in US. Characteristic bulls-eye rash |
Created by:
eheller
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