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Trees and Shrubs
Pert 2 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vegetative reproduction is also known as apomixis (reproduction from cells other than ovules). | Apoximis |
| Provide the ability to regenerate without seed formation. | Adventitious buds |
| Regions where adventitious buds occur include: | Root systems and root collar; Stems and branches; Leaves |
| Causes of adventitious buds to become active: | Wounding; Increased sunlight (environmental condition); Growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin (GA), cytokinin, ethylene.; Activators/oppressors: abscisic acid (ABA) |
| In asexual reproduction, the original, sexually produced plant (from seed). | Ortet |
| In asexual reproduction, offspring produced asexually (vegetatively) from clone. | Ramet |
| Visible composition/characteristic of an organism influenced by genetic composition and interaction of species. | Phenotype |
| T/F: Adventitious buds provide the advantage of pollarding and coppicing. | True |
| Many species can be regenerated by taking cuttings of an original plant. This may be done to preserve or continue certain attributes of the parent. What is this? | Vegetative Reproduction |
| Cuttings are collected from the original plant and can then be grafted or rooted to produce offspring. Knowledge of each species growth habits can be critical to your success. What is this? | Vegetative Reproduction |
| Collected from healthy trees while they are dormant (late winter/early spring) before the buds break open. Should include 4 to 5 buds. should be 7.5 cm to 1 m long. What is this? | Hardwood Cutting |
| Which growth regulator is: Produced at the branch tips; Responsible for the elongation of plant cells; Responsible for phototropism; Important in nursery production for the rooting of cuttings. | Auxins (indoleacetic acid) |
| Which growth regulator is: Promotes cell division; Delays senescence (aging) in its absence and reproduction. | Cytokinins |
| Which growth regulator is: Promotes cell division, and elongation; Germination of dormant seeds. | Gibberellins |
| Which growth regulator is: Growth inhibitor; May increase, leads to senescence; Maintains dormancy in buds. | Abscisic acid |
| Amounts to minimal metabolic activity. (Winter rest - winter dormancy and Aestivation - summer dormancy) | Dormancy |
| It means “to grow old” | Senescence |
| Type of senescence that is natural aging at cellular level. | Unprogrammed |
| Type of senescence that is aging triggered by hormonal changes. | Programmed |
| Types of cells produced during growth that have thin walls of cellulose responsible for storage and photosynthesis and make up the majority of living cellular tissue in plants. | Parenchyma |
| Types of cells produced during growth that are short lived cells thick walls, support the plant. | Sclerenchyma |
| Types of cells produced during growth that supports the growing areas of the plant. | Collenchyma |
| Stage of growth is that of establishment, occurring after germination. | Establishment |
| Two types of germination: | Epigeous germination (above ground) and Hypogeous germination (underground) |
| Stage of growth is the period after establishment when root system begins to develop, as well as the trunk, branch and leaf systems. Under 1 m in height | Seedling Stage |
| Three Major Regions in Primary Growth: | Apical Meristem; Zone of elongation; Zone of differentiation |
| Increase in height (branch ends); Increase in depth (at root tips); Various plant tissue formation (stems, roots, leaves, flour, fruits); Height and depth increase occurs, which is the result of active cell division in apical meristem...These are? | Primary Growth |
| Once the primary tissues have differentiated they become meristematic in the vascular cambium, a layer of cells that sheathes the tree from branch tips to root tips. This occurs in? | Secondary Growth |
| Vascular tissue development occurs? | Secondary Growth |
| When the cambium is active it lays down xylem cells on the inside of the cambium and phloem cells towards the outside of the cambium. This occurs in? | Secondary Growth |
| If one annual ring is examined in deciduous species, the pores developed in the spring are large and thin-walled (early wood). This occurs in? | Secondary Growth |
| Later pores are small and thick walled (late wood). This occurs in? | Secondary Growth |
| Starts in the second growing season. | Tissue Development |
| Undifferentiated tissue | Apical Meristems |
| A layer of cells covered by the terminal and lateral Bud scales that will become active as. | Apical Meristems |
| Active cell division which occurs in the apical meristem. | Mitosis |
| It is this cell division early in the growing season that initiate primary growth and the increase in height at the ends of the branches and tips of the roots. | Apical Meristems |
| Cells divide and lengthen, the _____ _______ is constantly being pushed outwards by the cells that have been laid down. | Apical Meristems |
| Indications that primary (initial) growth has ceased for the year include: | when new buds sets at the end of June |
| Primary tissues that are the outer protective tissue | Dermal Tissue |
| Found on the outer edge of the stem. Single layer of cells with thick wax (cutin) covered walls. Purpose is for protection from moisture loss. | Epidermis |
| Will develop into vascular cambium. Purpose is for conduction, once the cells have differentiated. | Pro Cambium |
| Is responsible for the production of tracheids and trachea | pro cambium. |
| Xylem and phloem. See secondary growth and vascular tissue development in secondary growth section above. Vascular bundle development (occurs every year, successive layering of bundles). These are | Vascular Tissue |
| New growth areas in plants. Composed of the cortex, pith and pith rays. Found on the interior of the cambium. | Ground Tissue |
| The purpose of these cells is to provide a conductive system to allow for the movement of water and minerals from the soil to the various growing points. | Xylem Cells |
| Trachea and tracheids are | Xylem Cells |
| In conifers, the tissue that forms most of the xylem are | tracheids. |
| In Pinophyta (softwoods), there are no ____, only ____for the movement of moisture and nutrients. | trachea, tracheids |
| In members of Magnoliophyta (hardwoods), the movement of water and minerals takes place through | tracheids and trachea |
| ________are specialized cells aligned in a vertical plane that allow for rapid movement of water and minerals within the trunk. | Trachea |
| Phloem cells are being produced towards the | exterior |
| Xylem cells are being produced towards the | interior |
| ________ is responsible for the downward conduction of sugars produced in the crown from the photosynthesis. | Phloem |
| (In the phloem) _______ provide cell function for sieve tube elements. | Companion Cells |
| (In the phloem) nutrients to sieve tube elements. | Sieve Plate |
| (In the phloem) simple cells lacking a nucleus for transport of set. | Sieve Tube Element |
| (In the phloem) provide rigidity to cells | Scherenchyma Cells |
| Is outside the phloem layer, there is another area formed that consists of meristematic tissue. | Cork Cambium |
| The _____ _____ (phellogen) produces cork towards the outside, and phelloderm towards the inside | Cork Cambium |
| Once the tree has reached the height of ______, the next stages of development are considered to be juvenile stages. | over 1 m |
| In the juvenile stage, the stage when the tree is over 1 m in height and up to 10 cm DBH. | Sapling Stage: |
| In the juvenile stage, the stage when there is continued height and diameter growth, 10 to 20 cm DBH. | Polewood Stage |
| In this life stage, height growth slows, crown and diameter continues to increase. | Maturity |
| In this life stage, height and diameter growth slows, individual is prone to mortality. Disease and insect damage occurs. | Over Mature |
| A standing dead tree. | Snag |
| As the tree decays, decomposing material ad organic material, provide habitat, and add nutrients to the site. | Downed Woody Debris |
| “Apical Dominance” is | Tree Form |
| Apical Dominance that has strong apical dominance i.e. conifer | Excurrent |
| Apical Dominance when the shapes of crowns are highly variable (Magnoliophyta). Results in rounder, or large wide crown. | Decurrent (deliquescent) |
| A plant’s response to light | Phototropism |
| Removal of a continuous string of bark around the trunk. Doing so will kill a tree. | Girdling: |
| Objects included in the tree’s trunk through secondary growth, e.g. fence lines, nails or bolts, etc. | Inclusions |
| Discipline that is concerned with the forest as a biological community, can be defined as the study of the interrelationship of trees with other organisms and the physical environment. | The study of forest ecology |
| The branch of forest ecology which studies the influence of the environment on a single individual or species. | Autecology |
| The branch of forest ecology which is the study of plant communities and the interaction of the organisms which compose them. | Synecology |
| Field of forest ecology that studies all living and nonliving things occurring naturally | Forest environment |
| Field of forest ecology that studies interdependency of environmental elements. | Forest ecosystem |
| Field of forest ecology that studies growth and reproduction requirements of trees. | Silvics |
| Field of forest ecology that studies developmental patterns over time (complicated due to the lack of historical records). | Forest History |
| The___ is the physical environment, or a trees habitat. | site |
| Factors that will influence which species will occupy any given site | Climate, Soil, Topography, Biotic Factors |
| Two factors that influence: Start (flushing of new growth in spring); Production of flowers; Cessation of growth in the fall; Dormancy in the fall; Germination of many species’ seed the following spring. | Sunlight and Shade |
| Total _________ must exceed the total evapotranspiration for trees to grow. | precipitation |
| ______ precipitation is needed in cold climates than in hot climates for trees to be present in an area. | Less |
| An agent of change: | Wind |
| Moves pollen and seed; Modifies temperature (air and seed); Has a drying effect | Wind |
| Uprooting of trees (results in death of the plant) | Windthrow |
| Tree-bole breakage often, but not always, results in death. If not dead, tree takes on new form. | Blowdown |
| The texture and moisture regime of______ influences site characteristics. | Soil |
| Ph; Available nutrients; Presence of mycorrhiza are the main chemical properties of | Soil Factors |
| Affects growth and establishment in 92% of plant families | mycorrhiza |
| Altitude is a major_____ influence. | Topography |
| ____m increase in elevation is similar to moving up north by ___km. Both result in about 10°C change in average temperature. | 300m. 100km |
| Discovered spring advancement of 15 minutes of latitude for one day (northward). 1.25 days for each degree of longitude westward, and one day for every hundred foot increase in elevation. | Andrew Hopkins |
| Topographic feature that has shallow dry soils | Crest |
| Topographic feature that is well-drained, for tile soils. | Mid-slope |
| Topographic feature that has deep wet soils. | Toe |
| Topographic direction relative to the sun’s position in the sky | Aspect |
| Affects: temperature; Soil moisture; Length of growing season | Aspect |
| Successional stage that has intolerant species; one age and height class | Stand Initiation |
| Successional stage that has: Intermediate shade tolerance; Decline of Pioneer species; More height and age classes: | Stem Exclusion Stage |
| Successional stage that has development of shrubs and herbaceous plants | Understory Tree Initiation |
| Successional stage that has: Multi-layered canopy; Complex lichens and moss assemblies; Asymmetrical crowns, long trunks; Numerous snags, undisturbed soils | Old Growth |
| As an ecological term, it is a sudden and temporary change in the average environmental conditions which lead to measurable changes in an ecosystem | Disturbance |
| _______ caused by the following ______ __ ______: Floods. Freezing rain; Fire; Wind; Insects; Humans; Disease; | Disturbances, agents of change |
| Provides: Seedbed by reducing the litter layer; Reduced competition; Elements contained within the litter; Sanitization | Fire |
| Increases hump-hollow topography on the forest floor | Wind |
| CODIT is: | Compartmentalization of decay in trees |
| Callus tissue forms from _________ cells to coat the wound. | parenchymal |
| ____ ____ will later enclose the wound if they can. | Cork cells |
| Tissue involved in CODIT which has a boundary that forms about the wound to resist the spread of infection at the time of the wound. | Reaction Tissue |
| Tissue involved in CODIT that has a very strong boundary zone that grows around the outside of the reaction zone. | Barrier Zone |
| Tissue involved in CODIT that has normal growth outside the barrier zone | New Wood |
| CODIT barrier that is the weakest wall; plugs the vertical vascular system | Wall One |
| On the inside of the wound, last cells to form in each growth ring which makes up inside of walls of the compartments. These walls are continuous around the affected growth rings (only ray cells pass through). | Wall Two |
| On the sides of the wound, sheets of Ray cells make up radial walls. They are discontinuous walls because they vary greatly in length, thickness, and height. | Wall Three |
| On the outside, the cambium begins to form a new protective wall which separates the tissue at time of the wounding. It is the strongest wall. It will form the barrier zone. | Wall Four |
| It means mutual suffering | Allelopathy |
| It is the ability to produce biochemicals that affect the growth and health of other organisms. | Allelopathy |
| Structural protection that has modified short branches (grow from axillary buds). | Thorns |
| Structural protection that has modified leaves or parts of leaves (e.g. evolutionary remains of petioles; spines at tips of leaves). | Spines |
| Structural protection that has short, woody epidermal outgrowths growing from the epidermal tissue of stems, leaves, and some fruits. Often recurved. | Prickles |
| Structural protection that has long or short epidermal growths that discourage consumption. | Hairs |
| A chemical defence that: Deactivate enzymes and cause cells to die; Stored in special structures within cells, but released when injured; Can be concentrated in various regions of a tree. | Tannins |
| A chemical defence that: is usually species specific. Only a few trees produce these as compared to fungi, club mosses and a number of herbaceous plants. Effects vary in degree of toxicity. | Alkaloids |
| A chemical defence that: Mimics plant hormones and causes abnormal development. These vary from changed fertility cycles to sterility, too metamorphic failure. | Hormonal Disruptors |
| Apical meristem is the area protected at branch ends (Bud scales) and roots (root). This is what type of growth? | Primary growth |
Created by:
ctherria
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