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Bio MD 15
Information from Apologia Exploring Creation with Biology (2nd) Module 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physiology | The study of life processes in an organism |
| Plants Use Water For | Photosynthesis, Turgor Pressure, Hydrolysis, and Transport (vast majority) |
| Nastic Movement | A plant's response to a stimulus such that the direction of the response is preprogrammed and not dependent on the direction of the stimulus |
| Pore Spaces | Spaces in the soil that determine how much water a plant can hold |
| Loam | Mixture of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter |
| Cohesion-Tension Theory | Transpiration causes water movement through evaporation from inside leaf |
| Cohesion | Phenomenon that occurs when individual molecules are so strongly attracted to each other that they tend to stay together even when they are exposed to tension |
| Translocation | Process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant |
| Guidance of organic molecules | Phloem exert energy to guide organic molecules |
| Hormones | Chemicals that circulate throughout multicellular organisms, regulating cellular processes by interacting with specifically targeted substances |
| 5 Groups of Plant Hormones | Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene (Florigen) |
| Auxins | Regulate cell development and length of stems. Driving force in phototropism, gravitropism, and thigmatropism |
| Phototropism | Growth response to light |
| Gravitropism | Growth response to gravity |
| Thigmatropism | Growth response to touch |
| Characteristics of Auxins | Destroyed by light, affected by gravity, move away from touched substances |
| Etiolation | Extreme phototropism. Plant placed in dark area, no auxins destroyed, has long, thin, crawling, light-colored stems |
| Gibberellin | Promotes elongation of stems, affects mitosis, induce seed-germination |
| Cytokinins | Affect mitosis, affect cellular differentiation, induce elongation of leaves, affect chlorophyll synthesis |
| Abscisic Acid | Inhibit the abscission layer, control stomata |
| Ethylene | Ripening of fruits, abscission layer to close |
| Florigen | Suspected hormone group, cause abscission layer to close |
| Insecitvorous plants | "Carnivorous plants," nastic movement of trapping, needs insects for raw materials for biosynthesis (b/c soil w/out) |
| One of most important raw materials | Nitrogen |
| Grafting | Stem cut from one plant is attached to another. Stem = scion. Host plant = stock. No exchange of genetic material |
| Parts of a Flower: Pedicel | Stem that holds the flower |
| Parts of a Flower: Sepal | Leaf-like under flower |
| Parts of a Flower: Petal | Leaf-like above flower |
| Parts of a Flower: Stamen | Male reproductive organ |
| Parts of a Flower: Carpel (Pistel) | Female reproductive organ |
| Carpel composed of | Stigma (sticky to catch pollen grains), style (holds stigma up), ovary (contains ovule w/embryo sac) |
| Perfect Flower | Flower with both stamens and carpels |
| Imperfect Flower | Flower with either stamens or carpels |
| Ways of not self-fertilizing | Stamen&carpel mature @ different times. Chemical rejectors. Plants have either male or female flowers |
| Purpose of color and smell | Attract insects/birds for pollination |
| Smell comes from | Epidermis |
| Composite flowers have | several individual flowers |
| Pollination | The transfer of pollen grains form the anther to the carpel in flowering plants |
| To attract birds | Flowers are red (with little smell) |
| To attract bees | Fragrent flowers |
| To attract butterflies | During the day, must be fragrant with wide landing |
| To attract moths | During the night, must be fragrant and white |
| To attract beetles | Foul-smelling flowers |
| Endosperm | Extra genetic information, food source for seedling |
| Double Fertilizaiotn | Fertilization that requires 2 sperm to fuse with 2 other cells |
| Cotyledon | Absorb remaining endosperm for embryo or produce enzymes to help absorption |
| Testa | Protectice coating over ovule |
| Seed | An ovule with a protective coating encasing a mature plant embryo and nutrient source |
| Fruit | A mature ovary that contains a seed or seeds |
| Simple Fruit | Formed from a single ovary |
| Compound Fruit | Formed from many ovaries |
| Aggregate Fruit | (Type of Compound) many fruit from same flower |
| Multiple Fruit | (Type of Compound) many fruit from different flowers |
| Fleshy Fruit | (Type of Simple) fleshy tissue between seeds + ovary covering |
| Dry Fruit | (Type of Simple) no fleshy tissue |
| Type of Fleshy Fruit: Pome | Fleshy from (not ovary) tip of pedicel |
| Type of Fleshy Fruit: Drupe | Ovary forms hard covering, then fleshy tissue |
| Type of Fleshy Fruit: Berry | Ovary encases w/fleshy tissue |
| Type of Fleshy Fruit: Modified Berry | Ovary w/thick, tough covering |
| Type of Dry Fruit: Pod | Ovary w/single chamber of many seeds |
| Type of Dry Fruit: Capsule | Many chambers, many seeds |
| Type of Dry Fruit: Nut | Hard, woody covering around seed |
| Type of Dry Fruit: Grain | Ovary wall connected to seed |
| Type of Dry Fruit: Achene | Ovary separated from seed |
| 3 Types of Seed Dispersal | Samara (float w/wings), nuts/pods (carried by animals), Compound/fleshy (carried+eaten by animals) |
| To Turn On Embryo Development | Absorb enough water, right temperature, right amount of oxygen |
| Germination: Radicle | Lower portion of embryo sprouts and becomes roots |
| Germination: Hypocotyl | Middle portion of embryo sprouts and becomes stem |
| Germination: Cotyledon | Becomes seed leaves |
| Germination: Epicotyle | Becomes first true leaves. |
| Germination: Plummule | Epicotyle as still seed |
Created by:
Safire25509
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