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Evolution Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Embryology | The study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms. |
| How were flippers of penguins modified for a new function? | Penguins don't need their wings to fly so natural selection has remodeled the wings into powerful flippers for swimming. |
| How was chitin modified to serve an additional function? | The chitin of the arthropod exoskeleton resists water loss. Chemical changes to this material made it even more water-tight as the animals became adapted to living on land. |
| How can evolution refine existing adaptations? | They evolved by small steps of adaptation, refining organs that worked and benefited their owners at each stage. |
| Evolution | Changes that occur in a population over time. |
| Species | A group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
| Genes | The portions of an organism's DNA that carry the code responsible for building that organism in a very specific way. |
| Survival of the fittest | A term that refers to the process of natural selection, a mechanism that drives evolutionary change. |
| Fossil | preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past |
| Basilosaurus fossils suggest that... | whales evolved from land-dwelling ancestors that had four limbs |
| Geographic distribution | clue to how modern species may have evolved, species evolve to fit environment |
| Homologous structures | similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor |
| Vestigal structures | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species |
| Similarities in development (embryological evidence) | Embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages in development. Comparing the development of organisms supports other evidence of homologous structures. |
| DNA sequences and molecular evidence | molecular history of evolution in DNA sequences.2 species have genes + proteins w/ sequences that match closely- must have recent common ancestor.greater the # of differences in DNA + protein sequences b/w species- the less close a common ancestry. |
| How do fossils form? | Fossils can form from the remains of organisms buried by sediments, dust, or volcanic ash. |
| Geologic time scale | Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
| Relative dating of fossils | Because younger sediments are usually layered over older ones, you can tell which layers formed before others. The relative ages of fossils reflect the order in which groups of species existed compared to one another. |
| Radiometric dating of fossils (and half life) | Determination of absolute ages of rocks and fossils through calculations based on a radioactive isotope's fixed rate of decay. An isotope's half-life is the number of years it takes for 50 percent of the original sample to decay. |
| Continental drift (and Pangaea) | Is the motion of continents about Earth's surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle. Pangaea is what they called the supercontinent when Plate movements brought all the landmasses together. |
| Georges Buffon ideas | Earth might be much older than a few thousand years. He also observed that specific fossils and certain living animals were similar but not exactly alike. |
| Adaptation | Inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. |
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck ideas (and inheritance of acquired characteristics) | Life evolves/changes & species are not permanent & evolution is a process of adaptation. Inheritance of acquired characteristics= by using or not using certain body parts, an organism develops charact. He thought that these would be passed to offspring. |
| Darwin's Observations aboard the HMS beagle | He observed and collected thousands of specimens of South American plants and animals from diverse environments. |
| Charles Lyell ideas | gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth.For example, the gradual erosion of a riverbed over thousands or millions of years can result in a deep, river-carved canyon. |
| Thomas Malthus ideas | much of human suffering, such as disease, famine, and homelessness, was due to the human population's potential to grow. That is, populations can grow much faster than the rate at which supplies of food and other resources can be produced. |
| Descent with modification | process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life |
| Natural selection | Process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals. |
| Population numbers and variation (explain figure 14-19) | The individuals that function best tend to leave the most offspring. When this process repeats over many generations, each new generation has a higher proportion of individuals with the advantageous traits. |
| Artificial selection | Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits. |
| How do pesticides show natural selection? | In each generation, the percentage of pesticide-resistant individuals in the population increased. The population underwent evolutionary change that resulted in adaptation to a change in the chemical environment—the presence of the pesticide. |
| How does natural selection cause the sickle cell allele to stay in some populations? | Individuals with just one copy of the sickle cell allele are resistant to the disease malaria. This resistance is an important advantage in environments where malaria is a major cause of death in infants. |
| How does aHntibiotic resistance evolve in bacteria? | An antibiotic causes selection among the varying bacteria of a population, leaving those individuals that can survive the drug. The resistant bacteria multiply and quickly become the norm in the population rather than the exceptions. |
| Gene pool | All of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population. |
| What processes lead to genetic variation? | What processes lead to genetic variation? |
| Frequency of alleles | Natural selection and evolution are not random. The environment favors genetic combinations that contribute to survival and reproductive success. Thus, some alleles may become more common than others in the gene pool. |
| Microevolution | Evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population. |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | Condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time. |
| Genetic drift | Change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. |
| Bottleneck effect | Natural disasters can greatly reduce the size of a population which also reduces the size of its gene pool. Certain alleles may be represented more than others among survivors. Some may be eliminated altogether. This decreases genetic variation in a pop. |
| Founder effect | The FE is when a few individuals colonize some new habitat. The smaller the colony, the less its genetic makeup will represent the gene pool of the larger pop from which the colonists came. The change relates to the GM of the founders of the colony. |
| Gene flow | exchange of genes b/w two populations |
| Mutation | A change in an organism's DNA. |
| How does natural selection lead to fitness? | Production of healthy, fertile offspring is all that counts in natural selection. |
| Explain Peter and Rosemary Grants study | They study the natural selection of finches' beaks of Daphne Major in the Galápagos. |
| Figure 14-31 | It is a graph of beak size among medium ground finches over many years. Their data relate this microevolution of beaks to environmental change. |
Created by:
elizabethdarrell
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