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Evolution Notes
evolution notes and vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | the gradual development of something |
| species | group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals |
| genes | unit of heredity that is transferred from parent to child. |
| survival of the fittest | natural process where the best and strongest animals adapt to the new environment. |
| how can evolution refine existing adaptations? | because at one point a complex structure could have come from a simpler structure and still have the same function. |
| how was chitin modified to serve an additional function? | it resists water loss. |
| how were flippers of penguins modified for a new function? | their flippers were originally wings but now help the penguins to swim. |
| embryology | study of organisms as the develop from eggs to fully grown organisms. |
| fossil | preserved remains left by organisms that lived in the pass. |
| fossil record | chronological collection of lifes remains in rock layers |
| basilosaurus fossils suggest that? | early whales had hind leg bones that help to support the whales weight. |
| geographic distribution | the differences and similarities between organisms in different parts of the world |
| homologous structures | support other evidence that evolution is a remodeling process. |
| vestigial structures | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species ancestors but has no clear function in the modern species. |
| similarities in development (embryological evidence) | embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages in development. |
| DNA sequence and molecular evidence | sequences of bases in DNA molecules are passed from parent to offspring. |
| how do fossils form? | from remains of organisms buried by sediments, dust, or volcanic ash. |
| geologic time scale | earths history organized into four ears: precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic and cenozoic |
| relative dating of fossils | younger sediments are usually layered over older ones you can tell which layers formed before others. |
| radiometric dating | determination of absolute ages of rocks and fossils through calculations based on a radioactive isotopes fixed rate of decay. |
| half-life | time it takes for 50% of a radioactive isotope sample to decay |
| continental drift | motion of continents about earths surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle |
| pangaea | supercontinent comprising all the continental crust of the earth. |
| georges buffon ideas | specific fossils and certain living animals were similar but not exactly alike. |
| adaptation | inherited characteristic that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| jean baptiste lamarck ideas | by using or not using certain body parts an organism develops certain characteristics. |
| inheritance of acquired characteristics | lamarck said that these enhanced characteristics would be passes on to the offspring. |
| darwins observations aboard the HMS beagle | the plants and animals throughout the continent all had a definite south american character. |
| charles lyell ideas | the slow processes of mountains building and erosion suggested an earth that must be old and these slow gradual processes occurring over vast spans of time could cause enormous change on earth |
| thomas malthus ideas | that much of human suffering like diseases famine and homelessness was becasue of the human populations growth. |
| descent with modification | process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habits and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life |
| natural selection | process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals. |
| population numbers and variation | populations on the differetn islands would adapt to their local environments over time they would become more and more different the population could be so different they would be separate species. |
| artificial selection | selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits |
| how do pesticides show natural selection | most insect survivors of the first pesticide treatments were insects with genes that somehow enabled the to resist the chemical attack. their offspring then inherited the gene to resit the pesticide. |
| how does natural selection cause the sickle cell allele to stay in some populations | it must be passed on by both parents for the offspring to have the disorder |
| how does antibiotic resistance evolve in bacteria | it evolves through natural selection when the antibiotic in inserted and some of the bacteria survive becoming amine |
| gene pool | all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
| what process lead to genetic variation | its random and can not be predicted |
| frequency of alleles | how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool. |
| microevolution | evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
| hardy weinberg equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
| genetic draft | change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| bottleneck effect | decreases genetic variation in a population. |
| founder effect | change relates to the genetic makeup of the founders of the colony. |
| gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| mutation | change in an organism's DNA. |
| how does natural selection lead to fitness | contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation compared to the contributions of other individuals |
| explain peter and rosemary grants study |
Created by:
aledel4
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