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Evolution
Biology Unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Cumulative changes that occur in a population over time. |
| Species | a group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated from other such groups |
| Genes | portions of an organism's DNA that carry the code responsible for building that organism in a very specific way. |
| Survival of the fittest | popular term that refers to the process of natural selection, a mechanism that drives evolutionary change. |
| How can evolution refine existing adaptions? | There are bones in many species and they are the same but different sizes. |
| How was the chitin modified to serve an additional function? | Was the exoskeleton and was modified to resist water loss. |
| How were flippers of penguins modified for a new function? | They could swim now. |
| Embryology | study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms |
| Fossil | preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past |
| What is the fossil record? | chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers |
| Basilosaurus fossils suggest that.. | that they were aquatic animals that no longer used their legs to support their weigh |
| Geographic distribution | when the continents moved more and more animals adapted and moved to different continents |
| Homologous structures | similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor |
| Vestigial structures | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species |
| Similarities in developement (embryological evidence) | embryos are the same in different species |
| DNA sequences and molecular evidence | your DNA sequence is passed down from your parents. Molecular evidence is passed around in species. |
| How do fossils form? | from the remains of organisms buried by sediment, dust, or volcanic ash. |
| Geologic time scale | Earth's history organized into 3 eras: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. |
| Relative dating of fossils | reflect the order in which groups of species existed compared to one another. |
| Radiometric dating of fossils (and half life) | radiometric dating- determination of absolute ages of rocks and fossils through calculations based on a radioactive isotope's fixed rate of decay. half life- time it takes for 50 percent of a radioactive isotope sample to decay |
| Continental drift (and Pangaea) | motion of continents about Earth's surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle |
| Georges Buffon ideas | Earth might be much older than a few thousand years. Specific fossils and certain living animals were similar but not exactly alike. |
| Adaptation | inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. |
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck ideas (and inheritance of acquired characteristics) | Life evolves or changes. Species are not permanent. Thought that enhanced characteristics would be passed on to offspring. |
| Darwin's Observations aboard the HMS Beagle | Studied organisms and their adaptations from different places. Species change as they adapt to their changing environments. |
| Charles Lyell ideas | Gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth. |
| Thomas Malthus ideas | Much of human suffering, such as disease, famine, and homelessness, was due to the human population's potential to grow. |
| Descent with modification | process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life |
| Natural Selection | process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals |
| Population numbers and variation (explain figure 14-19) | started out as population of organisms which turned into overproduction and variation, variation turned into differences in reproductive success, overproduction turned into struggle for existence, which turned into differences in reproductive success whic |
| Artificial selection | selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits |
| How do pesticides show natural selection? | it kills a tiny bit of insects at first and then gets to a lot of insects and they die in packs |
| How Does natural selection cause the sickle cell allele to stay in some populations? | In some African populations, sickle cell is a resistant to malaria which can kill you. By caring sickle cell many people are saved from malaria but have a shortened life span. |
| How does antibiotic resistance evolve in bacteria? | Antibiotic resistance evolves by natural selection.An antibiotic causes selection among the population,some individuals that can survive the drug. While the drug kills most of the bacteria, the resistant bacteria multiply and quickly become the norm. |
| Gene pool | all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
| What processes lead to genetic variation? | raw material of evolution and gene pool |
| Frequency of alleles | how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool |
| Microevolution | evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
| Genetic drift | change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| Bottleneck effect | decreases genetic variation in a population due to natural disaster |
| Founder effect | Genetic drift in a new colony because the change relates to the genetic makeup of the founders of the colony |
| Gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| Mutation | change in an organism's DNA is carried by a gamete, the mutation enters the population's gene pool. |
| How does natural selection lead to fitness? | you have to be fit to survive, swim fast and so you are then more fit and can swim away from your pray. |
| Explain Peter and Rosemary Grants study | they study all the characteristics of finches |
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hilsim1
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