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14.4-15.2
evolution set
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Cumulative changes that occur in a population over time. |
| Species | A group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding populations that is re-productively isolated from other such groups. |
| Genes | Basic unit of life |
| Survival of the fittest | The process in which individuals inherit new characteristics that give them a survival and reproductive advantage in their local environment |
| How can evolution refine existing adaptations? | fins and flippers of swimming animals, bodies adapted for flight, or the structure of an eye or a flower. |
| How was chitin modified to serve an additional function? | The chitin of the arthropod exoskeleton resists water loss. |
| How were the flippers of penguins modified to a new function? | The flippers they use to swim are actually modified wings. |
| Embryology | study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms |
| How do fossils form? | form from the remains of organisms buried by sediments, dust, or volcanic ash. |
| Geologic time scale | Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
| Relative dating of fossils | reflect the order in which groups of species existed compared to one another. |
| radiometric dating of fossils | determination of absolute ages of rocks and fossils through calculations based on a radioactive isotope's fixed rate of decay |
| continental drift | motion of continents about Earth's surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle |
| Georges Buffon ideas | suggest that Earth might be much older than a few thousand years. He also observed that specific fossils and certain living animals were similar but not exactly alike. |
| Adaptation | inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| Jean Baptist ideas | proposed that life evolves, or changes. He recognized that species are not permanent. |
| Darwins Observations aboard the HMS Beagle | he observed and collected thousands of specimens of South American plants and animals from diverse environments. |
| Charles Lyell ideas | Lyell proposed that gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth. |
| Thomas Malthus ideas | contended that much of human suffering, such as disease, famine, and homelessness, was due to the human population's potential to grow. |
| Descent with modification | process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life |
| Natural Selection | process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals |
| Population numbers and variation | Darwin also reasoned that natural selection could eventually cause two isolated populations of the same species to become separate species as they adapted to their different environments. |
| Artificial selection | selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits |
| How do pesticides show natural selction | Pesticides are poisons used to kill insects that are pests in crops and in homes. Whenever a new type of pesticide is used to control agricultural pests, the story is usually the same. |
| How does natural selection cause the sickle cell allele to stay in some populations | Although the sickle cell allele has harmful effects, in the African tropics it is also beneficial. Individuals with just one copy of the sickle cell allele are resistant to the disease malaria. |
| how does anitbiotic resistance evolve in bacteria | An antibiotic causes selection among the varying bacteria of a population, leaving those individuals that can survive the drug. |
| gene pool | all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
| What processes lead to genetic variation | mutations and sexual recombination |
| Frequency of alleles | how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool. |
| Micro evolution | evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
| genetic drift | change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| Bottleneck effect | Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, and fires may drastically reduce the size of a population |
| founder effect | he smaller the colony, the less its genetic makeup will represent the gene pool of the larger population from which the colonists came. |
| gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| mutation | a change in an organism's DNA |
| how does natural selection lead to fitness | Production of healthy, fertile offspring is all that counts in natural selection. |
| Explain Peter and Rosemary Grants study | studying the finches of Daphne Major in the Galápagos. |
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TheVoid
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