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unit 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms |
| species | A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. |
| genes | A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of a child or a animal |
| survival of the fittest | a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. |
| embryology | study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms |
| how can evolution refine existing adaptations | any evolution can adapt to an environment but for others it takes longer and for some it is quick, it depends on what you are adapting to. |
| how was chitin modified to serve an additional function | Chitin forms the exoskeleton (shell) of arthropods, which are animals such as insects, spiders, scorpions, and lobsters. |
| how were flippers of penguins modified for a new function | Penguins are birds. The flippers they use to swim are actually modified wings. Penguins inhabit small, barren islands and other remote locations in the Southern Hemisphere |
| fossil | preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past |
| fossil record | chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers |
| homologous structure | similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor |
| vestigial structure | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species |
| Basilosaurus fossils suggest that? | show that 40 million years ago whales had legs and were able to stay out the water but now the leg bones are to weak to handle that much weight, so they have changed. |
| geographic distribution | This measures the range of separate geographic locations where infections have been reported |
| Similarities in Development | Other clues to evolutionary history come from comparing the development of different organisms. Comparing the development of organisms supports other evidence of homologous structures. |
| DNA sequences and Molecular evidence | This idea of molecular comparison extends to studying relationships between species. If two species have genes and proteins with sequences that match closely, |
| geologic time scale | Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
| continental drift | motion of continents about Earth's surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle |
| how do fossils form? | The soft body parts of dead organisms usually decay rapidly in these conditions. However, hard parts such as shells, bones, or teeth, are long-lasting and may become preserved as fossils. |
| relative dating of fossils | The data collected provide a consistent and extensive record of Earth's history. The boundaries between eras are marked in the fossil record by a major change (or turnover) in the forms of life. |
| radiometric dating of fossils | radiometric dating is based on the measurement of certain radioactive isotopes in objects. It is the method most often used to determine the absolute ages of rocks and fossils. |
| adaptation | inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| natural selection | process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals |
| descent with modification | process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life |
| Darwin's Observation | The other idea was that Earth itself is less than 10,000 years old and also relatively unchanging. These ideas were challenged as people became aware of the incredible diversity of organisms, past and present, and the nature of Earth's geologic processes. |
| Georges Buffon | to suggest that Earth might be much older than a few thousand years. He also observed that specific fossils and certain living animals were similar but not exactly alike. |
| Jean Baptiste | His work on classifying worms, spiders, molluscs, and other boneless creatures was far ahead of his time.organisms had to change their behavior to survive. |
| Charles Lyell | Lyell argued that the formation of Earth's crust took place through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time, all according to known natural laws. |
| Thomas Malthus | in that the growth of a population will always outrun its ability to feed itself. If every couple raised four children, the population could easily double in twenty-five years, and from then on, it would keep doubling. |
| Population numbers and variation | variation is difference among members of a species and the population numbers, if too many people or animal than there is a struggle for existence |
| Artificial selection | selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits |
| how do pesticide show natural selection? | Pesticides are poisons used to kill insects that are pests in crops and in homes. Whenever a new type of pesticide is used to control agricultural pests, the story is usually the same. |
| how does natural selection cause the sickle cell allele to stay in some populations? | People with the disease suffer a range of symptoms that include general weakening of the body, pain, damage to organs, and sometimes death. Sickle cell disease is caused by a recessive allele. Only homozygous have the disorder. |
| how does antibiotic resistance evolve in bacteria? | These drugs help to cure many infections caused by bacteria. Antibiotics have saved the lives of millions of people.It has caused the evolution of antibiotic-resistant populations of the very bacteria the drugs are meant to kill. |
| gene pool | all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population |
| micro-evolution | evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
| genetic drift | change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| mutation | The changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the |
| what processes lead to genetic variation? | The processes that lead to genetic variation—mutations and sexual recombination—are random. |
| frequency of alleles | how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool. This frequency is usually expressed as a decimal or a percentage, |
| bottleneck effect | Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, and fires may drastically reduce the size of a population. Reducing the size of the population also reduces the size of its gene pool |
| founder effect | Genetic drift is also likely when a few individuals colonize an isolated island, lake, or some other new habitat. The smaller the colony, the less its genetic makeup will represent the gene pool of the larger population from which the colonists came. |
| how does natural selection lead to fitness? | Natural selection or genetic drift (or both) can influence whether the frequency of a new mutation increases in a population. |
| explain peter and rosemart |
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harshpatel244
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