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Microbiology 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the first clue to the discovery of viruses cam...by.. | 110 years ago...loeffler and frosch |
| loeffler and frosch found evidence that the cause of...was an... | foot and mouth disease in livestock...infectious particle smallerthan any bacteria |
| the small infectious particle was called...that are so small that they could not... | subcellular forms of life...be seen even under a light microscope |
| viruses in latin means | poisons or venoms |
| viruses were visualized only after...in.. | discovery of electron microscope...1930 |
| a virus particle is also called a | virion |
| viruses are a...that differ from.. | unique group of infectious agents...living cells in at least three ways |
| the ways that viruses differ from living cells include | their simple, very small, acellular organization, the presence of either dna or rna in the same viral particle (virion) and their inability to reproduce independently of living cells |
| viruses only have either | dna or rna but not both |
| viruses have about | 2-50 genes (either dna or rna) |
| e coli (prokaryote) has about..genes | 5000 |
| human cells (eukaryotes) have about | 30000genes |
| viruses are composed of either..and...which... | rna or dna...protein capsid..the nucleic acid |
| the combination of the...is referred to as... | nucleic acid and capsid...nucleocapsid |
| if a virus has only a..it is termed a... | protein capsid covering it...naked capsid virus or a naked virus |
| a naked virus has...that make up the.. | protein subunits...protectice covering around the viral genome (dna in the case) |
| the naked virus' subunits are called..and the entire protein coat is called the.. | capsomeres..capsid |
| some viruses contain an...called the... | additional component ..envelope |
| the envelope is derived from the | host cell |
| enveloped viruses are not very...since the envelope is... | stable...a membrane |
| the envelope can be destroyed by the | stomach acid |
| enveloped viruses have a | lipid based membrane surrounding the protein capsid |
| the envelope is partly composed of the...within which the... | cell membrane...virus is replicated |
| the envelope contains | proteins and carbohydrates |
| some of the proteins of the envelope are from the | host cell and some are from the virus |
| a nonenveloped or naked virus contains | a capsid, nucleic acid, capsomere, nucleocapsid which makes up a virion |
| enveloped viruses contain | capsid, nucleic acid, capsomere, nucleocapsid, virion, envelope, spike |
| the spikes are the | envelope glycoproteins |
| genetic makeup of viruses...like for instance it can have either.. | vary..dna or rna which are single or double stranded |
| four types of viral genomes are possible and include | ss-rna, ds-rna, ss-dna, ds-dna |
| shapes of viral capsid also...and can either be.. | vary..icosahedral or helical |
| icosahedral means...with... | 20 sided...triangles forming interlinkedpentamers |
| icosahedrals are the | mot common form |
| helical means | spiral staircase shaped |
| bacteria divide by...and 1 bacterial cell divides to make..in.. | binary fission...30 mins...2 cells |
| virusesmake...and then... | seperate partswithin the host cell t hey are infecting..assemble into many viral particles |
| 1 human virus takes..to make.. | 12-72 hours..100,000 |
| viruses infect..including.. | all types of living things..animal, plant and bacteria viruses |
| animal virus example | influenza virus |
| plant virus example | tobacco mosaic virus |
| bacteria virus example | bacteriophage t4 |
| history has shown that..have been some of the.. | viral disease...major concern for epidemics in humans |
| viral disease epidemics include | polio, rabies, smallpox, yellow fever |
| viruses are still the | leading cause of all human diseases |
| viruses currently cause | common acute respiratory disesae, GI infections, stds, hepatitis and herpes |
| emerging viruses include | ebola in afria, aids, hepatitis c virus, hantaviruses and severe acute respiratory syndrom (SARS) |
| hantaviruses are associated with | infected field mice |
| useful purposes for viruses for humans include | gene therapy |
| visible effects on the patient results from | direct damage of viru to cells or host defense mechanisms |
| direct damage of virus to cells are called | viral cytopathic effects (cpe) |
| host defense mechanisms are called | immunocytopathology |
| examples of some viral diseasesinclude | measles, mumps chicken pox and small pox |
| measles and mumps and chickenpox are | pediatric diseases |
| reactivation of the chicken pox virus later in life is called | shingles |
| visible effects of viral pathology at the cellular level include | cell death, giant cell formations, rounding up of cells, piling up of cells, inclusion bodies inside the cell |
| cell death is caused by...and results in.. | lysis of host cells/bacteriophages..viral plaques |
| giant cell formation is called | syncytia |
| piling up of cells = ...=... | transformation..focus formation (wart) |
| inclusion bodies inside the cell are visible with | electron microscopy |
| hiv infection in a cell can lead to the | formation of syncytia which is when cells fuse together to form large cells w/ many nuclei |
| warts are...usually...caused by... | small..painless growths on the skin...virus |
| an example of a virus that causes warts would be | papilloma virus |
| the typical wart is..with a.. | a raised round or oval growth on the skin...rough surface |
| common warts tend to causeno | discomfort unless they are in areas of repeated friction or pressure |
| warts often | go away on their own within two years |
| ...warts can cause.. | venereal...cancer |
| 7 steps of life cycle of viruses | attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication of nucleic acids, protein synthesis, assembly, release |
| once the virus penetrates the cell, uncoating involves... | injecting nucleic acid intothe cell |
| viral nucleic acid replicates using | host cellular machinary |
| new viral nucleic acids are...and... | packaged into viral particles...released from thecell |
| the host cell may be | destroyed int he process of viral replication |
| viral attachment involves...which are.. | attachment proteins...specific surface proteins for each virus |
| naked viruses use | one of the capsid proteins for attachment |
| enveloped viruses use | viral proteins in the membrane envelope for attachment |
| viruses are very... | specific = trophism |
| a form of viral specificity is with the...for example...can infect the.. | cell-specific receptors...polio virus...epithelial cells in the gi system and the cns bec only these two cell types have the receptors for polio virus |
| polio virus does not | growin any other cell type |
| viral penetration follows...and involves either.. | attachment..endocytosis or membrane fusion |
| in the case of...are.. | bacteriophages, penetration and uncoating..one stype by which viral dna is injected through the thick cell wall of the host |
| viral uncoating is the...usually carried out by.. | removal of membrane and capsid proteins...cellular enzymes that chew off viral coat by lysosomal fusion |
| dna virus replication takes place in the...and uses... | nucleus...1-2 viral and many cellular enzymes |
| rna virus replication takes place in...and always uses... | cytoplasm...viral coded enzymes |
| protein synthesis happens inthe...and both virus types use... | cytoplasm...cellular ribosomes and the rest of the host cell protein synthetic machinery |
| viral assembly involves the..and undergoing... | nucleic acid and capsid proteins coming together...self assembly which is a spontaneous process |
| the final step is...and involves...for the enveloped viruses | release...budding |
| budding is the...of.. | reversed process...membrsne fusion |
| in release, the virus acquires the...but the... | membrane from the host cell...the membrane always contains viral proteins that are required for specific attachment for the next round of infection |
| example of a virus that infects the skin is..and it causes.. | human papilloma virus...warts |
| example of a virus that infects therespiratory tract...is and it causes... | rhinovirus..common cold |
| example of a virus that infects the alimentary tract is...and it causes... | rotavirus...diarrhea |
| example of a virus that infects the eye is...and it results in... | adenovirus...conjunctivitis |
| example of a virus that infects the genitourinary tract is...and it causes... | herpes virus..genital herpes |
| examples of a virus that infect via direct entry would be..which cause... | west nile, hep b, rubella, hiv...encephalitis, hepatitis, german measles and aids |
| spread of virus throughout the body is called..and it travesl to... | viremia..target organ |
| the first step of viral disease production is...and can.. | local replication at the site of entry...grow to large numbers |
| the second step of viral disease production is | spread into the blood - viremia |
| third step of viral disease production is...and now any... | dissemination throughout the body...susceptible organ may be infected |
| the virus may also travel via the...and then to the.. | lymph system..blood |
| the fourth step of viral disease production is...where the symptoms are... | disease...usually seen in cells of only a particular organ called the target organ |
| the target oran is where | destruction of cells causes the observalbe clincal symtpoms of the diesase |
| after exposure to a virus, we are..until the.. | asymptomatic...virus reaches the target organ and causes symptoms |
| after exposure and until the virus reaches the TO it is called | incubation time (period) of the virus |
| incubation period is the | amount of time between infection with a virus or bacteria to the beginnings of the symptoms |
| incubation period of a viral disease depends on | several factors including distance between the site of infection and the to and the growth rate of the virus |
| the distance between the site of infection and the TOis either | short or long |
| a short distance for example, takes...where the.... | two days for influenza virus..respiratory tract is the site of entry as well as the to |
| a long distancetakes..such as for...where... | weeks to months..rabies virus...virus starts in the foot and goes to the brain |
| growth rate of virus is either | fast or slow |
| fast growth rate takes | 1 to 2 days for influenza virus |
| slow growth rate takes | weeks to months for papillomavirus to produce warts bec this virus grows so slow |
| host defense mechanism against viral infection include | interferons |
| there are three types of interferons that include | alpha beta and gamma |
| alpha IF is produced by | pmns and macrophages |
| beta IF is produced by | fibroblasts |
| gamma IF is produced by | cd4 t cells |
| IF is a | cellular protein |
| IF works...that is, it is.... | outside the cell that made it...induced by viral infection, secreted and works on neighborhing cells by inducing antiviral state |
| mechanism of IF: it induces... | antiviral state in the neighboring cells by inducing cellular enzymes that degrades rna and inhibits protein synethesis |
| first step of IF action | virus infects cell |
| second stepof IF action | viral rep in cell triggers transcription and translation of alpha or beta interferon dependong on type of host cell |
| third step of IF action involves the...getting released and then it... | IF...diffuses to neighboring uninfected cells and binds to receptors |
| fourth step of IF anction involves the...of.. | binding triggering transcription and translation..inactive antiviral proteins |
| fifth step of IF action | meanwhile, the infected cell dies and releases the virus |
| the sixth step of IF action is when the | second cell becomes infected with the virus, the double stranded rna of the virus activates the antivial proteins |
| the last step of IF action involves the...and... | active avps degrading the mrna...binding to ribosomes which stops protein synthesis and viral replication |
| humoral response for viruses includes | neutralizing antibodies, complement fixation and opsonization |
| neutralizing antibodies are antibodies that | by themselves render the virus harmless |
| neutralizing antibodies work by...which... | coating the virus particle...inhibits attachment step bec surface proteins cannot bind to the host cell receptor |
| neutralizing bodies: if there is only...then attachnmentis... | partial binding...normal but theres no penetration |
| aggregation is the | reduction in virus infectivity bec of neutralizing antibodies |
| ways in which antibodies are helped by other factors include | opsonization and complement fixation |
| opsonization is the... | enhancement of phagocytosis |
| opsonization involves the...which then... | antibody attached to the virus binding to the fc receptor on pmns and macrophages...kill the virus |
| opsonization involves the...which... | natural killer cells...kill antibody coated viral particles by process of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
| complement fixation is the | activation of complement cascade |
| complement fixation involves the...as an... | component of complement c3b...opsonin |
| complement fixation: viral proteins present in...and can be... | infected cell membrane or viral envelope...lysed by c5b, 6 7 8 9 which form the mac |
| cellular response to virus: cd4 and cd8 act on | virus-infected cells not directly on virses |
| cd4 t cells or...recognize the.. | t helper cells..new viral antigens |
| cd4 t cells will | proliferate and produce cytokines that activate b cells to release neutralizing antiviral antibodies (humoral immunity) |
| cd4 t cells, in addition, they activate | cytotoxic lymphocytes which kill virally infected cells directly |
| tc or tk (...)...cells recognize.. | t cytotoxic or t killer/ t8 or cd8....virus infected host cells and release cytotoxic components which lyses the virus infected cells specifically |
| the term vaccine derives from...use of...which when administered provided... | edwardjenners...cowpox variola vaccine..immunity from small pox |
| WHO undertook a...to | massive plan..completely eradicate smallpox from the earth |
| the who program began in..and in a planned period of...the... | 1967..10 years...small pox disease was gone by 1977 |
| the last naturally occuring case of small pox was in | somalia in 1977 |
| three years later, the who declared that smallpox had been...but if... | eradiated..terrorists were to intentionally introduce a single case of smallpox today, it could mushroom into a public health emergency |
| in december 2002, bush announced a...if it were to be.. | comprehensive plan to protect americans from smallopox...used in a bioterrorist attack |
| as part of this plan, the us department of health and human services has been working with | state and local gov to develop a national stockpile of smallpox vaccine |
| four types of vaccine include | live attenuated, killed, sub-viral/component and recombinant |
| live attenuated vaccines example would be...and attenuated vaccines are made by...which... | vaccinia...passaging the virus in eggs or tissue culture cells...weakens the virus and reduces its ability to cause disease |
| killed vaccines use the...and they're killed by... | whole organism...formalin or heat |
| example of killed vaccine | flu |
| killed viruses do not provide...so it is not as... | as good an antigenic stimulation as the live virus...good as the live attenuated vaccine bec the immunity is not long lived |
| you often need...with killed vaccines | booster shots |
| sub-viral/component vaccines example would be...where only one of the... | hep b virus...surface antigens has been used as vaccine |
| recombinant vaccines are made in...and often.. | e coli or yeast cells...more than one antigen can be synthesized |
| dna vaccines are...and they get into... | being tested...patient cells and express the gene product |
| specific examples of human dna viruses include | herpes viruses, adenovirus, parvovirus and human papilloma virus |
| herpes viruses include | herpes simplex I and II, varicella zoster virus, epstein barr virus, cytomegalovirus |
| herpes simplex I and Ii cause | cold sores and genital herpes |
| varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes | chickenpox and shingles |
| epstein barr virus causes | infectious mono |
| cytomegalovirus causes | cmv mono |
| adenoviruses are associated with | conjunctivitis and diarrhea |
| parvovirus causes | fifth diseaes |
| hpv causes | warts |
| examples of human rna viruses include | poliovirus, rhinovirus, influenza, coxsackievirus/echoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps, measles, rubella, rhabdovirus, arbovirus, rotavirus, norovirus and human immunodeficiency virus |
| poliovirus causes | poliomyelitis |
| rhinovirus causes | common cold |
| rubella casues | german measles |
| rhabdovirus causes | rabies |
| arbovirus is transmitted by | arhtropods |
| rotavirus and norovirus are | diarrheal diseases |
| human immunodeficiency causes | aids |
| special classes of human viruses include | hep, tumor, slow viruses |
| hep viruses cause | viral hep |
| tumor viruses cause | cancer |
| slow viruses cause | mad cow disease |
Created by:
handrzej
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