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Evolution Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | The cumulative change that occur in a population over time. |
| Species | A group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding populations that is re productively isolated from other such groups. |
| genes | The portions of an organism's DNA that carry the code responsible for building that organism in a very specific way. |
| Survival of the fittest | The process of natural selection or a mechanism that drives evolutionary change. |
| How can evolution refine existing adaptions? | The process of natural selection or a mechanism that drives evolutionary change. When species evolve they are from the basic organism but more complex while still having the simple structure of the basic. |
| How was chitin midified to serve an additional function? | through evolution the exoskeleton adapted the arthropods surroundings in the desert so it resisted water loss in order to benefit the host. |
| How were flippers of penguins modified for a new function? | Penguin flippers are actually modified wings to suit there surrrounding in the water and the fact that penguins are secluded feom other predators so they would have no need for escaping or hunting. |
| Embrylogy | study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms |
| Fossil | preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past |
| What is the fossil record? | chronological collection of life's remains in sedimentary rock layers |
| Basilosaurus fossils suggest that... | whales evolved from land-dwelling ancestors that had four limbs |
| Geographic distribution | clue to how modern species may have evolved, species evolve to fit environment |
| Homolougous structures | similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor |
| Vestigial structures | remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species |
| Similarities in development (embryological evidence) | Embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages in development. Comparing the development of organisms supports other evidence of homologous structures. |
| DNA sequences and molecular evidence | DNA sequences.2 species have genes + proteins w/ sequences that match closely- must have recent common ancestor.greater the # of differences in DNA + protein sequences b/w species- the less close a common ancestry. |
| How do fossils form? | Fossils can form from the remains of organisms buried by sediments, dust, or volcanic ash. |
| Geological time scale | Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic |
| relative dating of fossils | Because younger sediments are usually layered over older ones, you can tell which layers formed before others. The relative ages of fossils reflect the order in which groups of species existed compared to one another. |
| radiometric dating of fossils (and half life) | Determination of absolute ages of rocks and fossils through calculations based on a radioactive isotope's fixed rate of decay. An isotope's half-life is the number of years it takes for 50 percent of the original |
| continental drift (and Pangaea) | Is the motion of continents about Earth's surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle. Pangaea is what they called the super continent when Plate movements brought all the landmasses together. |
| George Buffon ideas | Earth might be much older than a few thousand years. He also observed that specific fossils and certain living animals were similar but not exactly alike |
| adaption | inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| Jean Baptiste Lamarck ideas | life evolves.species are not permanent. adaptation. He proposed that by using or not using certain body parts, an organism develops certain characteristics. Lamarck thought that these enhanced characteristics would be passed on to the offspring. |
| Darwin's observations aboard the HMS Beagle | He observed and collected thousands of specimens of South American plants and animals from diverse environments. |
| Charles Lyell ideas | gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth.For example, the gradual erosion of a riverbed over thousands or millions of years can result in a deep, river-carved canyon. |
| Thomas Malthus ideas | much of human suffering, such as disease, famine, and homelessness, was due to the human population's potential to grow. That is, populations can grow much faster than the rate at which supplies of food and other resources can be produced. |
| Descent with modification | process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life |
| Natural selection | process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals |
| Population numbers and variation | natural selection.production of more individuals than environment can support leads to struggle for existence among the individuals of a population.only tiny fraction survive to make more offspring. Variation-differences among members of the same species |
| Artificial selection | selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits |
| How do pesticides show natural selection? | insects who have gene to somehow resist pesticide survive (very few), those reproduce and their offspring have the gene to resist pesticide, increase in pesticide resistant insects |
| How does natural selection cause the sickle cell allele to stay in some populations? | The sickle cell allele has harmful effects, in the African tropics it is also beneficial. |
| How does antibiotic resistance evolve in bacteria? | The bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotics used to treat the disease don't help at all. |
| Antibiotic | Medicine that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. |
| Gene pool | all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population. |
| What processes lead to genetic variation? | mutations and sexual recombination |
| Frequency of alleles | how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool |
| Microevolution | evolution on the smallest scale—a generation-to-generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
| Genetic Drift | change in the gene pool of a population due to chance |
| Bottleneck effect | Natural disasters can greatly reduce the size of a population which also reduces the size of its gene pool. Certain alleles may be represented more than others among survivors. Some may be eliminated altogether. This decreases genetic variation in a pop. |
| Founder effect | genetic drift in a few colony |
| Gene flow | exchange of genes between populations |
| Mutation | a change in an organism's DNA |
| How does natural selection lead to fitness? | natural selection allows the organisms that are best fit to survive |
| Explain Peter and Rosemary Grants study. | they study the natural selection of finches' beaks of Daphne Major in the Galápagos. |
| Figure 14-31 | It is a graph of beak size among medium ground finches over many years. Their data relate this microevolution of beaks to environmental change. |
Created by:
jossal2
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