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Chapter 14

Bio vocab

TermDefinition
evolution change that occurs in organism's characteristics through time.
species population or group of populations that possess similar characteristics and can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
natural selection deferential reproduction of genotypes caused by factors in the environment. Leads to evolutionary change.
artificial selection selected certain varieties to produce certain characteristics.
fossils preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once-living organisms
homologous structures forelimbs of vertebrates
analogous structures "convergent evolution"; similar-looking features
mutation change in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.
nonrandom mating individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mate with one another either more or less commonly than would be expected on a random basis.
sexual selection choosing a mate often based on certain physical characteristics.
genetic drift random changes in allele frequencies
founder effect even if alleles are rare in the source population, they will become a significant fraction of the new population's genetic endowment.
bottleneck effect surviving individuals constitute a random genetic sample of the original population.
migration the movement of individuals between populations.
stabilizing selection selection acts to eliminate both extremes from an array of phenotypes, the result is an increase in the frequency of the already common intermediate phenotype.
disruptive selection selection acts to eliminate the intermediate type, resulting in two more extreme phenotypes becoming more common in the population.
directional selection selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes, resulting in the other extreme phenotype becoming more common in the population.
sickle-cell disease a hereditary disease affecting hemoglobin molecules in the blood
heterozygote advantage payoff in survival of heterozygotes more than makes up for the price in death of homozygotes.
industrial melanism evolutionary process in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter individuals since the industrial revolution as a result of natural selection.
speciation stages of the species-forming process
biological species concept defines species as "groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups."
reproductively isolated populations whose members do not mate with each other or who cannot produce fertile offspring.
reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent genetic exchange between species.
geographical isolation species that exist in different areas are not able to interbreed.
ecological isolation even if two species occur in the same area, they may utilize different portions of the environment and thus not hybridize because they do not encounter each other.
temporal isolation when blooming periods overlap, the two species form hybrids.
behavioral isolation keep species distinct in nature even if they inhabit the same places.
mechanical isolation structural differences that prevent mating between related species of animals and plants.
Created by: ahasenmu
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