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micro lab exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microbes are ...that are mostly ... | living organisms...unicellular and can only be visualized w/ the help of a microscope |
| The terms ...can be used interchangeable and include... | microbes and microorganisms...viruses, bacteria, fungi and microscopic parasites |
| human normal flora or commensals help humans to | digest food and enable the normal development of the human immune system |
| Most microbes are ...meaning they do not... | free living...need to live inside another cell to stay alive |
| most..are free living | fungi, parasites and bacteria |
| viruses are...meaning that they have to... | obligate intracellular aneaarobes...live within a host cell to replicatre |
| Free living microbes can be grown in either | suspension form in a tube or flask of nutrient broth or on the surface of a solid medium |
| Bacteriologica Agar is a..which when boiled with water sets as a... | solidifying agent extracted from a species of seaweed,...gel |
| rough colonies on agar represent | mold/fungi |
| the smaller colonies represent | bacteria |
| in experiment one, which fomite had the most microbes | the cell phone |
| Microbes like to live in | moist, nutritious, warm, and sheltered environments. |
| Any inanimate object that can trasmit a disease is called a | fomite |
| diagnostic labs must | isolate bacteria |
| you isolate bacteria by using | selective medium or selective differential medium |
| Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar plates (selective media which only allows growth of | Gram (-) bacteria |
| Mannitol salt agar (selective for | Gram-positive Staphylococci bacteria |
| Brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar plates are | nonselective |
| what do you use to streak the bacteria | innoculating loop |
| Aseptic Technique is a | precautionary measure taken to prevent contamination of pure cultures and sterile laboratory equipment. |
| staph aurues causes mannitol salt agar to | change to yellow color |
| why isolate | determine which antibiotics to use/treatment |
| Aseptic technique is a set of specific practices and procedures performed under carefully controlled conditions with the goal of | minimizing contamination by exogenous organisms |
| The goal of aseptic technique in the clinical setting is to protect | the patient from infection |
| For any bacterium to be propagated for any purpose it is necessary to | provide the appropriate biochemical(nutritional) and biophysical environment |
| The biochemical (nutritional) environment is made available as a | culture medium |
| The human eye can resolve objects down to about | .2 mm |
| Bacteria and cells are measured in | micrometers (μm) or 1 x 10-6 meters |
| Viruses are even..measured in.. | smaller...nanometers (nm) or 1 x 10-9 meters |
| A compound light microscope is the most | commonly used microscope |
| compound light microscopes use...including the.. | two lenses...ocular and objective lenses |
| Light microscopes have practical resolution up to | 1000-fold magnification |
| Microscopes that use a...instead of a...and...instead of..for focusing are called.. | beam of electrons...instead of a beam of light...electromagnets..instead of glass lenses...electron microscops |
| electron microscopes are used for observing | things like viruses |
| light microscopy includes | bright field microscopy, dark field microscopy, phase-contrast microscopy and fluorescence microscopy |
| most widely used light microscopy is... | bright field |
| most specimens w/ brightfield appear..so you.. | opaque or nearly clear..stain the organisms |
| dark field uses a special disc called...within the condenser which.. | stop...prevents light from entering the objective lens except for peripherallight |
| in dark field the | the background is dark and the specimen is illuminated |
| dark field is used to visualize | living cells and rapidly moving cells like spirochetes |
| phase contrast exhibits a | halo around the organism |
| phase contrast is used to visualize...and gives info about... | living organisms...relative density in a focused optical plane |
| fluorescence microscopy uses light of | high energy or short wavelengths |
| fluorescence microscopy is used to | identify pathogens |
| two types of electron microscopes includ | scanning and transmission |
| TEM gives a...and is basically a... | 2d image..section through a specimen |
| tem requires...and is prepared using a.. | thin slices of the specimen...microtome |
| tem magnifies up to | 500,000x |
| sem produces a...and requires... | 3d image of surface structures...special metal coating to produce the image |
| magnification of sem is up to | 1,000,000x |
| (compound microscopes)The main advantages of multiple lenses are improved ... | numerical aperture (see resolution limit below), reduced chromatic aberration and exchangeable objective lenses to adjust the magnification. |
| you can't see..in color | electron micrographs |
| Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe | obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce |
| The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ...and they often allow for that microbe to be.. | ecological niche...used in industrial processes |
| in autotrophs...is obtained from.. | carbon..co2 from photosynthesis |
| hetertrophs...is obtained from... | carbon..organic compounds |
| most microbes are...using...as both... | hetertrophic..organic compounds..carbon and energy sournces |
| Microbial metabolism is the main contribution to the | physical decay of all organisms after death.` |
| organisms can't use sugars directly, so there is a process of converting them called | aerobic respiration |
| Aerobic respiration is the | release of energy from glucose or another organic substrate in the presence of oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration uses | oxygen to capture electrons released as a result of breaking down glucose |
| the movement of electrons in aerobic respiration creates | energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| aerobic resp happens in three steps | glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosph w/ electron transport chain |
| Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using | electron acceptors other than oxygen. |
| Fermentation is the conversion of a | carbohydrate such as sugar into an acid or an alcohol. |
| obligate anearobes require | oxygen to live |
| Obligate anaerobes are unable to use | molecular oxygen to obtain energy and usually find oxygen harmful |
| Facultative anaerobes can use | oxygen if it is available but can also grow when oxygen is absent |
| aerotolerant anaerobes | cannot use oxygen for growth, but they do tolerate its presence well |
| oxygen use is tested in | a thioglycolate broth that creates anaerrobic conditions |
| how to increase oxygen in the sample | shake |
| The identification of some bacteria is aided by determining whatwhich are controlled by the | nutrients the bacteria can utilize and what end products will be produced in the process...enzymes the bacteria produce |
| A bright yellow color indicates ...of... | the production of enough acid products from fermentation of the sugar to drop the pH to 6.9 or less...carbohydrate fermentation broth |
| Production of gas is determined with a...which is a...filled with... | durham tube...small inverted vial...carbohydrate fermentation broth |
| production of gas is represented by a | bubble at the top of the durham tube |
| The odiferous gas,...is often given off by the action of... | hydrogen sulfide...proteolytic bacteria on protiens |
| Hydrogen sulfide production is indicated by a | black precipitate along the tear created by stabbing media with an inoculating loop covered with bacteria |
| Obligate aerobes grow | only at the top of such tubes |
| Facultative anaerobes grow best at the ...but... | top..can also grow throughout the tube |
| Aerotolerant anaerobes grow | throughout the tube. |
| Obligate anaerobes grow only in the | areas of tube that have no oxygen |
| a red tube signifies | neg carbohydrate fermentation |
| a yellow tube signifies | pos. carbohyrate fermentation and can either have a bubble or not |
| Liquefaction of gelatin is used to differentiate between ...based on ability of these... | between some species of bacteria...bacteria to release enzymes that break down proteins like gelatin |
| Gram positive bacteria, which stain...and gram neg stain... | purple/blue...pink/red |
| In the Gram stain, the bacterial cells are first ...and then.. | heat fixed..stained with a basic dye, crystal violet, which is taken up in similar amounts by all bacteria |
| The slides are then treated with a...in order to... | potassium iodide mixture (mordant)..fix the stain |
| third step of gram stain is to | wash briefly with 95% alcohol (destained) |
| lastly, a ...is added with a.. | counterstain...paler dye of a diff color (safranin) |
| The crystal violet Gram stain is precipitated by...and is... | gram iodine...trapped in the thick pg layer of g+ bacteria |
| Bacterial infection often elicits the production of...which are... | serum antibodies...specific for surface antigens on the bacterial cells |
| Once bound to the specific antigen, these antibodies cause | agglutination (clumping) of several organisms at once, forming an organism/antibody complex called an immune complex. |
| the presence of such antibodies can be detected by the | macroscopic tube aggultination test |
| Serum antibody titer of a patient is defined as the | reciprocal of the greatest serum dilution that elicits a positive agglutination reaction |
| the higher the titer ...implying that there is an | the greater the immune response...active infection that needs to be fought |
| Tube agglutination is routinely employed for the serological diagnosis of | typhoid fever |
| what is used to dilute a sample | saline |
| once a serum sample is diluted out with saline, you add a | suspension of dead salmonella typhi cells (antigen) and incubate |
| When the antigen is an erythrocyte, the term ...is used | hemagglutination |
| which antibody is a particularly good agglutinin | igm |
| ...rise in titer is generally taken as significant. | fourfold |
| if your healthcare provider suspects that your child has ...a throat swab is taken and the sample is mixed with...that are coated with... | strep throat...latex beads...antibodies against the bacterium |
| If your child has strep throat, the bacteria in the sample will react with the antibodies on the latex particles -- causing | agglutination |
| Latex agglutination assays for the detection of a variety of bacterial antigens (in body fluids from patients with systemic infection) have been shown to be useful as | rapid diagnostic techniques |
| step one of latex agglutination | add a drop of specimen on slide |
| step two of latex agglutination | add solution of antigen or antibody coated latex beads |
| step three of latex agglutination | agitate samjple, let settle and observe for agglutination |
| latex agglutination is used to detect | mrsa |
| elisa stands for | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
| elisa is a ..used mainly in.. | biochemical technique..immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample |
| In simple terms, in ELISA, an...is affixed to the surface, and then a... | unknown amount of antigen (from patient sample)...specific antibody (constant) is applied over the surface so that it can bind to the antigen |
| This antibody is linked to an (elisa)..and in the final step a substance is... | enzyme...added that the enzyume can convert to some detectable signal (color change) |
| There are 2 general types of ELISA techniques | direct or indirect |
| The direct ELISA uses the method of... | directly labeling the antibody that binds the antigen of interest |
| The indirect, or ...method uses a.. | two step..labeled secondary antibody for detection of an unknown amount of antibody in a patient sample |
| for indirect, First, the patient sample containing the antibody of interest, or ...is.. | primary antibody..incubated w/ a fixed amount of prepared antigen |
| indirect: This is followed by incubation with the...which recognizes the.. | secondary antibody..primary antibody (primary is an antigen for secondary) |
| Indirect ELISA has an ...in that it allows for... | advantage over direct..signal amplification since multiple secondary antibodies may bind a given primary antibody |
| However, certain secondary antibodies may undergo ...reacting with the | cross-reactivity....antigen as well as the primary antibody |
| For ELISA, it is important that the | antibody-enzyme conjugate is of high specific activity (i.e. only binds what it is supposed to bind). |
| ELISA, like ...is used to detect... | macro tube agglutination..patient antibody titers to specific antigens |
| a common application of elisa is for | hiv |
| The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is the | most common and widely used antibody application |
| ELISAs are designed for detecting and quantitating substances such as | peptides, proteins, antibodies, hormones, haptens, and drugs of abuse and their metabolites |
| The ABO blood group classification scheme is based on the presence (or absence) of two major ...on...which are... | agglutinogens (antigens)...rbc membranes...a and b |
| A person's erythrocytes contain one of four agglutinogen combinations as a result of inheritance: | a, b, ab or neither |
| Blood type can be determined by a | hemagglutination test using antibodies that bind to the a or b agglutinogen |
| If blood cells agglutinate (clump together) when mixed with: Anti-A serum, you have | a blood |
| if blood cells agglutinate when mixed with anti b serum you have | type b blood |
| if blood cells agglutinate when mixed w/ both anti a and anti b then it is | ab blood |
| if you don't agglutinate at all you are | type o |
| Blood group O is | common |
| Blood group AB is the | least common |
| unlike the A and B antigens, Rh factor is not | found elsewhere in nature |
| a person with Rh- blood can ..if he or she receives.. | develope rh antibodies...blood from a person w/ rh+ blood |
| Blood is a...and suspended in the...are... | liquid tissue..watery plasma...seven types of cells and cell fragments |
| 7 cell types and fragments include | rbcs, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
| rbs or | erthryocytes |
| platelets or..and are.. | thrombocytes..cell fragments |
| wbcs or...are... | leukocytes...neutro, eosino, baso, lympho, mono |
| granulocytes are | neutro, eo, baso |
| agrans are | lymphos, monos |
| The liquid part of the blood which is free of cells is called | serum |
| layers of blood in a test tube after centrifuge | rbc on bottom, wbcs and platelets (buffy)..plasma |
| The fraction of the blood sample volume occupied by the red cells is called the...and normally it is... | hematocrit..45% (values less are a sign of anemia |
| blood performs | transportation of o2, co2, food molecules, ions, wastes, hormones and heat |
| blood also performs ...against.. | defense of the body...infections and other foreign materials |
| food molecules include | glucose, lipids and amino acids |
| ions include | na, ca2, hco3, |
| White blood cells are much less | numerous than red (1:700) |
| wbcs have | nuclei |
| wbcs participate in | protecting the body from infection |
| most common type of lymphocytes are | b and t |
| b lymphos are responsible for | making antibodies |
| t lymphos include | inflammatory t, cytotoxic t, helper t |
| inflammatory t recruit | macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection or other tissue damage |
| cytotoxic t do what | kill virus infected and tumor cells |
| helper t cells enhance the | production of antibodies by b cells or kill ctls |
| Although bone marrow is the ultimate source of ...the lymphos that will become t cell migrate from the..to the... | lymphocytes....bone marrow..thymus where they mature |
| Both B cells and T cells also take up residence in | lymph nodes, the spleen and other tissues |
| b and t cells encounter...continue to..and mature into... | antigens...divide by mitosis...info fully functional cells |
| Monocytes leave the blood and become | macrophages and one type of dendritic cell |
| macrophages are | large, phagocytic cells that engulf foreign material (antigens( that enter the body and dead/dying cells |
| neutrophils are the most...and can.. | abundant wbcs...squeeze through the capillary walls into infected tissues to kill invaders |
| neutrophils also | engulf the remnants by phagocytosis |
| The number of eosinophils in the blood is normally | quite low (0–450/µl). However, their numbers increase sharply in certain diseases, especially infections by parasitic worms |
| eosinophils are...releasig the.. | cytotoxic...contents of their granules and killing the invader |
| basophils represent less than...and their numbers also.. | 1% of wbcs..increase during infection |
| Basophils leave the blood and accumulate at the | site of infection or other inflammation |
| basophils release mediators like... | histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins/leukotriens |
| mediators increase | the flow ob blood |
| platelets are produced by | megakaryocytes |
| platelts are responsible for | clotting or coagulation |
| Wright's stain is a...that facilitates the.. | histological sstain..differentiation of blood cell types |
| rbc size..and they are.. | 6-7 microns..anucleate |
| platelet size | 2-4 microns |
| neutrophil size..and have... | 12-15 microns..lobed nuclei |
| eosinphil size..and are usually... | same as neutrophils...bilobed |
| eosinophils are characteristic | orange/pink |
| basophil size..and color... | 9-10 microns..purple |
| lymphs make up about..of wbcs and their size is... | 20-40%...8-10 micreons (halo) |
| monocytes size... | 16-20 microns |
| monocytes are professional | antigen presenting cells |
| monocytes are the precursors to...which... | macrophages...phagocytize cells |
| The antiglobulin test, which is also referred to as the anti-human globulin test (AHGT) or the ...is the cornerstone of detecting... | coombs test..clinically significant yet unexpected antibodies that have coated cells either in vivo or in vitro |
| If a pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood is pregnant with a fetus with ...then..may occur | rh pos blood..rh sensitization may occur |
| rh sensitization happens when the baby's blood | mixes with the mothers during pregnancy or delivery and causihng the moms immune systme to make antibodies against the baby's rbcs |
| a mothers rh antibodies then can | cross the placenta in future pregnancies |
| rh disease is also called | erthroblastosis fetalis |
| two types of coombs test | direct/indirect |
| for the coombs test, in order for agglutination to cocur, an additional...which reacts with the...is added | antibody from an animal..fc portion of human igg antibodies |
| the additional antibody forms a | bridge between the antibodies coating the rbcs causing agglutination |
| direct coombs is done on the...and is looking for.. | newborns blood sample...foreign antibodies from the mother that have already adhered to the infants rbcs |
| direct coombs is basically looking for...and the two most common forms are... | antibody mediated hemolysis...rh incompatibility or abo incompatibility |
| indirect coombs is done on the...where the patients serum is incubated with... | mothers blood...rh+ rbcs from a blood bank and then you add the coombs reagent |
| the coombs reagent is | anti-human igg |
| No clumping (agglutination) of the red blood cells (the ...) following the addition of the coombs reagent, indicates that there are... | newborn's, if direct; blood-bank RBCs, if indirect)...no antibodies to red blood cells present; and the result is considered as normal or negative. If clumping occurs, the result is positive |
| rh - moms that haven't been sensitized are given a drug called...which is...that coats... | rhogam...anti-rh antibody...any fetal rh+ rbcs that may have leaked into the maternal circulation |
| rhogam reduces the risk of | first time expsoure of mothers immune system to the rh antigen |
| treatment of hdn includes | temp stabilization/monitoring, phototherapy and transufinos w/ rh- packed rbcs |
Created by:
handrzej
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