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plants chap 13/8

QuestionAnswer
what must an organism do for survival? transfer materials between srlf and enviroment. once absorbed material distributed to cells and waste products return to surface . this all require transport system.
what does the size and metabolic rate influence ? effects amunt of material exchanged.- and influences the tyoe of exchange surface and transporr system.
what are the things that need to be exchanged between organism and enviroment ? respiratory gases( oxygen C02) . nutrients (glucose ,fatty A,amino A,vitamins and minerals. excretory products - urea C02 and HEAT. ng
What ate the 2 ways the exchange can occur ? passively (no energy) diffusion and osmosis. actively - energy actove transport.
Where does the exchange take place of materials? on the surface of organism.
For exchange to be effective? surface area must be larger than volume. large surface area to volume ratio. on organism- small animals -
what hap when organism larger? volume increases at larger rate to surfaceA.- but diffusion works well for vice versa
What have large organisns evolved?example flattened shape no cell far from surface ( short diffusion pathway) e.g. flatworm specialised exchange surfaces with large areas to ibcrease SA tp volume ratio. lungs abd gills in fish.
why are speciakised exchange surfaces normally damaged? coz they are thin
how does the mitochondria maintain con grad? it has low O2 concentration but high CO2 concebtration.
how are small animals adapted? sing cell ,large surface A tp volume ratio, oxygen absorbed across body , on covered with cell surface membrane one cell thick. C02 doffuses out across surface. what is terestial live on land ( most insects) .
insects need to conserve water why? water easily evaporates from surface of body- become dehydrated. efficient gas exchange requires thin ,permeable ,large surfaceA. interfer with conserving water so insect must balance needs of conserving water loss witg exchange or respiratory gasses.
what 2 featurs do insects have that conserves water loss? waterproof coverings over the body surface. insects - rigid skeleton covered in cuticle. small surfaeA to volume ratio- insects cannot use surfaces for diffusion of gases.
what do insects use for diffusion of gases? trachea. they're supported by strobg ribgs thqt prevent them from collapsing. divide into small tubes tracheoles - extend through body tissue.
why is it good that tracheoles extend throughout bod tissue? atmospheric air is bought directly to the tissue.
what are spiracles? tiny pores on body surface where gas enters and leaves. they open and close by a valve. most time spiracles closed TO PREVENT WATER LOSS. when open WATER CAN EVAPORATE FROM.INSECT. they open periodically.
limitations of tracheal system? relies on DIFFUSION between environent and cells. needs short diffusion pathway- which limits size insect can be.
insect tracheal system has? tachea,tracheoles,spiracles,muscle fibres,body surfaces.
fish features? gas tight waterproof outer covering. small surface area to volume ratio- big. have specialised exchange surface.
structure of the gills? in body of fish behind the head. made of GILL FILAMENTS . gill filaments STACKED UP IN PILE. AT righ angles to filaments are GILL LAMELLAE- which INCREASE SURFACEA.
In fish water is taken into the mouth...? and forced over gills.
What is counter current flow? when in gill lamellea tge flow of water and flow of blood are in opp directions.
Adv of having constant rate of diffusion across gill lamellae? 80%of O2 in water absorbed into blood of fish.
Created by: ufuoma
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