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Test III
Test III Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did the first skeletal structure evolve? | 560 million years ago. |
| What was the name of the supercontinent that formed at the end of the Permian? | Pangea |
| What was the name of the sea/ocean that surrounded Pangea? | Panthalassa |
| When was the largest mass extinction event? | 251 million years ago (ended the Permian period) |
| herbivore | (herbivorous) plant eaters |
| grazer (land) | animals able to ingest grasses and soft plants (ex: cattle) |
| grazer (sea) | scrape or otherwise remove plants on microorganisms from hard surfaces (gastropods) |
| browser | able to eat woody material (ex: elephants and deer) |
| carnivore | meat eaters (predators/scavengers) |
| omnivorous | adapted to eat plants and animals (ex: humans) |
| suspension feeders | bottom dwellers or otherwise sessile organisms able to strain our microorganisms or edible debris from the water around the organism (ex: oyster) |
| filter feeder | free swimming organisms that depend on filtering microorganisms or edible debris from the water around the organism (ex: whales) |
| deposit feeder | able to strain microorganism or edible debris from the sediment ingested by the organism. The organism "eats" sediment and removes useful organic matter (ex: earthworms) |
| trophic levels | tiers of food production and consumption within a feeding hierarchy |
| primary producer | (autotroph) an organism in a food chain such as bacterium or green plant, that manufactures it's own organic molecules, and on which other members of the food chain depend for sustenance. (virtually all marine primary producers and phytoplankton) |
| primary consumers | feed on the primary producers - which are mostly suspension feeders |
| secondary consumers | feed on primary consumers and thus are predators. |
| tertiary consumers | predators who feed on secondary consumers. (ex: sharks) |
| pelagic | organisms that live in the water column above the sea floor. They're divided into plankton and nekton) |
| plankton | floaters (passive) |
| nekton | swimmers - mainly vertebrates wuch as fish; invertebrate (nekton includes cephalopods) |
| plant plankton | called phytoplankton - mostly microscopic |
| animal plankton | called zooplankton - mostly microscopic (ex: jellyfish) |
| benthos | organisms that live on or in the sea floor |
| organisms living in the benthos area of the sea are separated into what 3 categories? | epifauna, epiflora, infauna |
| epifauna | animals |
| epiflora | plants |
| infauna | animals that live in and move through the sediments. |
| sessile | organisms that stay in one place |
| mobile or vagrant | organisms that move on or in the sea floor. |
| What were the major reef forming organisms in the Cambrian period? | archaeocyathids |
| What were the major reef forming organisms in the Ordovician period? | bryozoans, stromatoporoids, tabulate and rugose corals |
| What were the major reef forming organisms in the Silurian and Devonian period? | tabulate colonial rugose corals and stromatroporoids |
| What were the major reef forming organisms in the Carboniferous and Permian period? | crinoids, blastoids, lacy broyozoans, brachiopods, and calcareous algae |
| Bathymetry | water depth zones |
| pelagic | living within the water column |
| neritic | living in shallow water near shore |
| oceanic | living in the deep oceanic water depths |
| littoral | in or around the edges of the sea |
| supralittoral | living on the beaches or waters edge |
| bathyal | beyond the edge of the continental shelf area |
| abyssal | generally refers to the floor of the deep ocean basins |
| hadal | the very deepest parts of the oceans (bottoms of the deep oceanic trenches) |
| what is significant about the crossopterygians? | lobe-finned fish that had lungs. Ancestors of the amphibians |
| rhipidistians | lobe-finned fishes that are the ancestors of the tetrapods |
| coelocanths | considered to be the transitional species between fish and tetrapods (four-footed animal) |
| labyrinthodont | a group of amphibians named for the labyrinthine wrinkling and folding of the chewing surface of their teeth. Abundant during the Carboniferous when swampy conditions were wide-spread. |
| What's is significant about Acanthostega? | they have limbs but are unable to walk on land because they cannot support themselves. It's rib cage was too small for necessary muscles needed to hold its body off the ground) |
| What happened approximately 250 million years ago? | Pangea formed and the greatest known mass extinction in Earth's history. (end Permian event) |
| back arc basin | a marine basin, such as the sea of Japan, that lies between a volcanic island arc and a continent |
| back arc basins are found | at some convergent plate boundaries, presently concentrated in the Western Pacific Ocean |
| terrane | short-hand term for tectonostratigraphic terrane, which is a fragment of crustal material form on, or broken off from, one tectonic plate and accreted or "sutured" to crust lying on another plate |
| Avolonia | microcontinent that separated from Gondwana |
| Avalonia + Baltica + Laurentia = | Laurasia |
| Laurasia was formed during which period? | Silurian |
| accretionary wedge | formed from sediments that are accreted onto the non-subducting tectonic plate at a convergent plate boundary. |
| Most of the material in the accretionary wedge consists of | marine sediments scraped off from the down going blab of oceanic crust |
| Wilson Cycle | Involves the rifting of a continent and the opening of an ocean basin with passive continental margins on both sides. As rifting proceeds, an expansive ocean basin forms, but it eventually begins to close, and subduction zones and volcanic arcs develop. |
| What's significant about the suite of sedimentary rock called sandstone-carbonate-shale? | their widespread occurance indicates that large, stable Cratons were present with depositional environments much like those of the present during the Proterozoic. |
| Orogenies are characterized by | metamorphism, igneous intrusions, and suture zone |
| What were the names of the zix major continents present at the beginning of the Paleozoic | Baltica, China, Gondwana, Kazakhstania, Laurentia, and Siberia |
| Laurentia | Proterozoic continent composed of North America, Greenland, parts of Scotland, and perhaps part of the Baltic shield of Scandinavia |
| Laurasia | a late Paleozoic northern hemisphere continent made up of North America, Greenland, Europe and Asia |
| Mobile belts | elongated ares of mountain building activity |
| What are the 4 mobile belts? | Franklin, Cordilleran, Ouachita, and Appalachian |
| Cordilleran | West |
| Ouachita | South |
| Appalachian | East |
| Franklin | North |
| Panthalassa | enormous single ocean that surrounded Pangaea and spanned the Earth from pole to pole. |
| Lapetus ocean | a Paleozoic ocean between North America and Europe that closed when the continents collided during the Late Paleozoic |
| Hercynian Orogeny is also called the | Variscan Orogenic Belt |
| Hercynian Orogeny | a series of mountain ranges that developed during the Devonian Period (416-359 MYA) |
| Alleghenian Orogeny | mountain-building event, occuring almost entirely within the Permian Period (299-251 MYA)created the Appalachian Mountains |
| Acadian Orogeny | mountain-buidling event that affeceted an area from present-day New york to Newfoundland during the Devonian period (416 to 359.2 MYA) |
| Antler Orogeny | a mountain-building event in Late Devonian and Mississippian time (about 340-370 MYA) |
| Trancontionental Arch | area extending from Minnesota to New Mexico that stood above sea level as several large islands during the Cambrian transgression of the Sauk Sea |
| clastic wedge | an accumulation of detrital sediments eroded from and deposited adjacent to an uplifted area. Usually refers to a thick assemblage of sediements- often lens-shaped. |
| What are the sequence/order of the cratonic sequences of the North American continent | Sauk, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia, Absaroka, Zuni, and Tejas |
| How were the Appalacian mountains originally formed? | formed by mobile belts which are elongated areas of mountain building. During plate convergence along these margins the sediments are deformed and intruded by magma creating Mountain Ranges. |
| Cyclothem | alternative stratigraphic sequences of marine and non-marine sediments, sometimes interbedded with coal seams. |
| orogeny | an episode of mountain building involving deformation, usually accompanied by igneous activity, metamorphism, and crustal thickening. |
| Mountain building is related to | plate movements |
| orogen | a linear part of Earth's crust that was, or is being deformed during and orogeny. |
| Where is the Ouachita mobile mountain belt mountains exposed. | the two major exposed areas in this region are the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma dn Arkansas and the Marathon mountains for Texas |
| How did the vast coal deposits in the Midwestern states and Appalachia region form? What type of coal is it? | formed from lush vegetation that flourished in Pennsylvanian coal forming swamps. Most was bituminous coal which was 80% carbon |
| Which is used to make COKE? | low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal |
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HORSKR10
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