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MD 14 Plantae
Definitions and other concepts to study for the test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A leaf is _____ when it is about the same width from the top to the bottom. | Linear |
| A leaf is ____ if it tapers at both ends but is still longer than it is wide. | Elliptical |
| A leaf is _______ if it is egg-shaped. | Oval |
| A leaf is _____ if it is triangular in shape. | Deltoid |
| A leaf is a _____ if it looks like an upside-down heart. | Cordate |
| A leaf is ________ if it is nearly circular. | Orbicular |
| A leaf is ________ if the leaf has deep indentations. | Lobed |
| A leaf is _____ if the indentations are very deep and tend to be sharp. | cleft |
| The leaves of a pine tree are called _________ leaves. | needlelike |
| A leaf is called ________ if the leaves look almost like the scales | scalelike |
| If the outer edge of a leaf is smooth with no indentations or teeth, it has a/an _____ margin. | entire |
| If a leaf has tiny, sharp teeth along its outer edge that point upwards towards the apex of the leaf, it has a/an ______ margin. | serrate |
| If a leaf's outer edge has more pronounced teeth that also point outward rather than just towards the apex, it has a/an _____ margin. | dentate |
| If the teeth of a leaf are rounded rather than pointed, the margin is called _______. | crenate |
| If a leaf's edge doesn't have teeth but tends to be wavy, it has a/an ______ margin. | undulate |
| When a leaf's veins run up and down the leaf parallel to the midrib, it has _______________ __________. | parallel venation |
| When a leaf's veins all branch out from the midrib, the leaf has _____________ __________. | pinnate venation |
| When a leaf's veins not only branch out from the midrib, but those branches also have branches on them, the leaf has ______ ________. | palmate venation |
| Botany | The study of plants |
| Perennial Plants | Plants that grow year after year |
| Annual Plants | Plants that live for only one year |
| Biennial Plants | Plants that live for two years |
| Vegetative Organs | Parts of a plant (stems, leaves, roots) that are not involved in reproduction |
| Reproductive Organs | Parts of a plant (flowers, seeds, fruits) involved in reproduction |
| What kind of plant organ is a fruit? | A reproductive plant organ |
| What kind of plant organ is a vegetable? | A vegitative plant organ |
| Undifferentiated Cells | Cells that have not specialized in any particular form |
| Meristemic Tissue | Undifferentiated cells that can develop into any kind of tissue through mitosis |
| Ground Tissue | Most common tissue: stores starches/oils, does metabolish, does photosynthesis, makes proteins, supports |
| Dermal Tissue | Single layer of cells that shield from pathogenic bacteria/fungi, keep chemicals from leaking out, absorbs water+minerals |
| Vascular Tissue | Not all have, "blood vessels" to carry watter and dissolved material. Xylem and Phloem |
| Xylem | Nonliving vascular tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to its leaves |
| Phloem | Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant |
| Parts of a Leaf: Blade | Primary portion of leaf |
| Parts of a Leaf: Apex | Tip of the blade |
| Parts of a Leaf: Petiole | Small stalk attached to stem |
| Parts of a Leaf: Stipule | Small stalklike/leaflike growth at base of petiole |
| Types of Leaves | Simple: one leafe to stem by petiole. Compound: several leaflets to stem by petiole. |
| Leaf Mosaic | Arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant |
| Leaf Mosaic Types | Alternate (most common), opposite, wholred |
| Leaf Margin | The characteristics of the leaf edge |
| Midrib | Large central vein from petiole |
| Purposes of Epidermis | Cover top/bottom of leaf, secrete cuticle, no cuticle then hairs |
| Stomata | Tiny holes that allow for the exchange of gases with the atmosphere |
| Guard Cells | 2 flank each stoma to open/close depending on light |
| Perenchyma Tissues | Cells doing photosynthesis: layer of palisade and spongy mesophyll |
| Palisade Mesophyll | Tightly packed to maximize number of cells for photosynthesis, cytoplasmic streaming constantly moving for efficiency |
| Spongy Mesophyll | Loosely packed to absorb carbon dioxide |
| Vein Tissues | Vascular = xylem and phloem. Collenchyma = thick-walled cells to support vein. |
| Plastids | Hold pigments/starches/oils |
| Carotneoid | Pigment with yellow or orange hues |
| Anthocyans | Pigment with different colors depending on pH |
| Decidious Plant | Never loses its leaves for winter |
| Abscission Layer | At the base of the petiol to block xylem+pholem to cause leaf to die when light-time gets shorter |
| Tannic Acid | Product of plant breakdown makes tea |
| Roots' Purpose | Absorb water+nutrients, anchor the plant, store food |
| Fibrous Root System | Branched roots |
| Taproot System | Stays as main or "primary root" |
| Parts of a Root: Root Cap | Dead, thick-walled cells |
| Parts of a Root: Meristematic Region | Mitosis, most growth |
| Parts of a Root: Elongation Region | Differing kinds of cells |
| Parts of a Root: Maturation Region | Fully differentiated cells |
| Parts of a Root: Root hairs | absorb more water+nutrients |
| Schematic of a Root: Cortex | Area inside root for storage |
| Schematic of a Root: Epidermis | Surrounds root |
| Schematic of a Root: Endodermis | Guard vascular chamber (contains xylem+phloem) |
| Schematic of a Root: Pericycle | Undifferentiated cells, part of vascular cambium, can form new branches |
| Schematic of a Root: Vascular Cambium | Can become either xylem or phloem, between xylem and phloem, (in a dicot) forms new xylem or phloem |
| Types of Stems | Erect, climbing, prostrate, subterranean |
| Purpose of Stems | Support+manufacture leaves, move water/nutrients to leaves, perform photosynthesis |
| Similarites of Monocot/Dicot Stems | Epidermis to protect, Fibrovascular Bundles to contain xylem+phloem, Cortex to contain photosynthetic cells and store starch |
| Differences of Monocot/Dicot Stems: Monocot | Fibrovascular Bundles throughout |
| Differences of Monocot/Dicot Stems: Dicot | Fibrovascular Bundles form outer ring, pith tissue is ground tissue, breaks down to make hollow stem |
| What allows a woody stem to grow? | Bark. Vascular cambium always producing more phloem+xylem |
| Only ______ have Pith | Dicots |
| Placement of Phloem+Xylem in a Woody Stem | Phloem outside, xylem inside |
| Girdling | The process of cutting away a ring of inner and outer bark all the way around a tree trunk |
| Underground stems | Onion bulbs, Potato tubers |
| Bryophytes are | Non-Vascular |
| Tracheophytes are | Vascular |
| Bryophytes height | Not very tall b/c no vascular tissue |
| Phylum Bryophyta are | Mosses |
| About Mosses | Many tightly-packed plants, leafy shoots (stems) and rhizoids ("roots" to anchor), depend on water fro leafy shoots |
| Alternation of Generations | A lifecycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form and a multicellular haploid form |
| Gametophyte Generation | Haploid, makes gametes through mitosis, antheridia make sperm and archegonia make eggs |
| Sporohpyte Generation | Sporophyte grows on mother plant and makes haploid spores through meiosis |
| Dominant Generation | In alternation of generations, the generation that occupies the larges portion of the life cycle |
| Phylum Pterophyta are | Ferns |
| About Phylum Pterophyta | Seedless, have alternation of generations |
| Pterophyta's A of Gs | Prothallus is haploid gametophyte generation, mitosis makes gametes. Diploid sporophyte on prothallus is fern, meiosis makes spores in sporangia in clumps of sorri |
| Phylum Coniferophyta are | Evergreens |
| About Phylum Pterophyta | Seed-making, have seed (pine) cones = female reproductive organs and pollen cones |
| Pollen | Fine dust that caontains the sperm of seed-bearing plants |
| Phylum Anthophyta are | Flowering |
| About Phylum Anthophyta | Seed-making, classes Monocotyledonae and Dicotyle donae. 1 and 2 Cotyledons |
| Cotyledon | Seed leaf with develops as part of the seed and provides nutrients to the developing seedling and becomes its first leaf |
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Safire25509
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