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Biology Ch. 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does biotechnology rely on? | The cutting of DNA at specific places. |
| Why do scientists must manipulate DNA? | Although it is a large molecule, it is still a molecule and cannot be seen or touched with the human eye or hand. |
| What techniques do scientists use to manipulate DNA? | Chemicals, computers, and bacteria |
| What are artificial nucleotides used for? | Sequencing DNA |
| What are artificial copes of genes used for? | Studying genetic expression |
| What are chemical mutagens used for? | Changing DNA sequences |
| What are computers used for? | Analyzing and organizing the vast amounts of DNA from genetic research |
| What are enzymes used for? | Cutting and copying DNA |
| What can bacteria transfer? | Genes between organisms. |
| What is the first main step in biotechnology and genetics research? | Cutting DNA |
| What kind of enzymes cut DNA of viruses? | Restriction |
| What is the sequence of nucleotides that is identified and cut by a restriction enzyme? | Restriction site |
| What do restriction enzymes do? | Restrict the effect of a virus on a bacterial cell |
| What kind of fragments do straight cuts leave behind? | Blunt ends |
| What kind of fragments do staggered cuts leave behind? | Sticky ends |
| What will happen if two pieces of DNA with sticky ends and complementary base pairs come close? | They will bond by hydrogen bonding. |
| Which kind of cut is used more often in biotechnology? | Sticky ends |
| What must happen to DNA fragments before anything can happen after the cutting? | It must be separated. |
| What can happen after it is separated? | Studied, or transferred into a different organism. |
| What are fragments grouped by? | Sizes by gel electrophoresis. |
| What is the method of separating various lengths of DNA strands by applying an electric current to a gel? | Gel electrophoresis |
| What is a diagram that shows the lengths of fragments between restriction sites in the strand of DNA? | Restriction map |
| Restriction maps are useful in genetic engineering, but what do they not directly show? | makeup of a fragment of DNA |
| What are restriction maps used to study? | gene mutations |
| What may comparisons of restriction maps do? | help diagnose genetic diseases |
| What does PCR use polymerase do? | copy DNA segments |
| Why do scientists copy the same segment of DNA over and over again? | So it is large enough to be studied. |
| What is the method of increasing the quantity of DNA by separating it into two strands and adding primers and enzymes? | PCR |
| Who invented PCR? | Kary Mullis |
| What can polymerase do to DNA? | Copy it in a test tube just like inside cells. |
| What is different about copying inside cells than copying with PCR? | Inside cells need several other enzymes. |
| What did Mullis use to separate a DNA strand at first? Then, what? | Heat; polymerases from a special bacteria |
| What four materials does PCR need? | DNA to be copied, DNA polymerases, large amounts of each four DNA nucleotides, two primers |
| What is a short segment of DNA that acts as a starting point for a new strand? | Primer |
| What are the three main steps to PCR? | Separating, binding, copying |
| They all take place in the same container, so what's the difference? | Temperature |
| Why is PCR a chain reaction? | It doubles the number of copies each cycle. |
| What is an example of a restriction map? | DNA fingerprint |
| What is the unique sequence of DNA base pairs that can be used to define a person at the molecular level? | DNA fingerprint |
| Does every person have the same fingerprint? | No. Everybody in the world has a different fingerprint. Even twins may not have the same, but identical. |
| What regions does DNA fingerprinting focus on? | Noncoding regions or DNA sequences outside genes |
| How are the differences in the number of repeats found by? | Separating DNA with gel electrophoresis |
| What happens when there are more repeats? | The DNA is larger. |
| What is the changing of an organism's DNA to give the organism new traits? | Genetic engineering |
| How is this possible? | Genetic code is shared with almost all organisms in the world. uses recombinant DNA. |
| What is the close loop of DNA that are separate from a bacterial chromosome? | Plasmid |
| What is recombinant DNA? | Takes in exogenous DNA and adds it to their own; it is naturally found in bacteria. |
| What is genetic engineering in plants directly related to? | That of bacteria |
| What kingdom of life are most resistant to genetic manipulation? | Animals |
| Do transgenic parents pass their traits onto their offspring? | Yes |
| What transgenic organism is used mostly for research? | Mice |
| Can entire organisms be cloned? | Yes |
| What must occur for a mammal clone? | Nuclear transfer |
| What are some concerns about genetic engineering? | allergic reactions, kills insects that pollinate plants |
| How is genomics beneficial? | It helps locate disease-causing genes and the understanding of medicine. |
| Who was DNA sequencing developed by? | Sanger |
| What process is similar to DNA sequencing? | PCR |
| How much of the world population has genetic illnesses? | 1/10 |
| How is genetic screening performed? | pedigree analysis, DNA tests, protein/gene search |
| What can people do about defective genes? | Test screenings |
| What is the disadvantage of genetic screening? | Psychological pain |
| What is the replacement of faulty genes? | Gene therapy |
| Is it possible to replace every faulty gene in your body fixed? | No |
| Who has defective alleles? | Everybody |
Created by:
kayla26tran
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