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Microbiology 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| in 2002 there were | 10.6 million deaths under age 5 worldwide |
| which disease causes the most deaths | malaria 29% |
| vaccinations are the | most imp weapon against infection |
| vaccines are much better than | antiobiotics |
| vaccines present..to the... | multiple foreign epitopes..host immune system |
| vaccines build | immunity for life against infectious diseases (B and T cell memory) |
| types of vaccines | live attenuated, heat or chemically killed, purifiedcomponenet/subunit vaccine, recombinant |
| live attenuated vaccines contain..that have been.. | bacteria or viruses..altered so they can cause milkd disease which leads to immunity |
| altering live attenuated bacteria/viruses means you | weaken them by passage through eggs, cells in culture or from other hosts |
| live attenuated examples | mmr and bcg |
| mmr is...which is a.. | measles mumps and rubella..viral vaccine |
| bcg is...which uses the... | bacillus-calmette-guerin...mycobacterium bovis 9bovine cattle tb) instead of mycobacterium tuberculosis (human tb) |
| heat or chemically killed vaccines contain | killed bacteria or inactivated viruses |
| examples of heat or chemically killed vaccines include | influenza vaccine, bordetella pertussis |
| with heat/chemically killed vaccines you need | boosters bec the organism doesn't replicate in the body |
| purified component/subunit vaccines contain | inacctivated toxin (toxoid) that are produced by the microbe or purified surface component of the microbe that have been made harmless |
| examples of subunit vaccines include | corynebacterium diphtheria toxoid (dpt) and pneumococcal capsular vaccine (ppv) |
| rcombinant vaccine inserts...into a | genes for desired antigens...vector |
| the vector for recombinant vaccine is usually a...that has a... | virus..very low virulence |
| the vector expressing the antigen may be used as the...or the... | vaccine...antigen may be purified and injected as a subunit vaccine |
| example of recombinant vaccines | hepatitis b virus (HBV) vaccine |
| currently, research is going on to develop a...that... | dna gun..pulses dna into the skin so cells make the antigen directly for immune response |
| herd immunity refers to a...when a... | reduction int he probability of infection of susceptible members of a population...significant proportion of the individuals are immune |
| this reduction from herd immunity is observed because the | chance of coming in contact with an infected individual is less |
| in other words, disease...when a... | transmission is blocked...critical percentage of the population has been vaccinated |
| measles vaccine is only...but the other..are... | 90% effective..10%..protected bec virus is not being spread around |
| depending on the disease, what percent of the population needs to be vaccinated to induce herd immunity | 75-95% |
| bordetella pertussis biology | g- coccobacillus w/ capsule |
| bordetella pertussis causes...or.. | pertussis..whooping cough |
| pertussis is a..that causes.. | highly contagious bacterial infection...severe cough |
| pertussis is more common in | infants under one, but also is seen in children and adults |
| pertussis is a major | cause of infant mortality before vaccine era (pre 1940s) |
| pertussis starts with | symptoms similar to common cold |
| whooping cough is known as...and causes | paroxysms...lack of oxygen |
| ...may occur after........ | gagging or vomitting..severe coughing spells with pertussis |
| pertussis cough may be | worse at night and may lead to death |
| b pertussis binds to...releases...and damages... | ciliated epi cells in the airway,...pertussis toxin...those cells |
| vaccine for pertussis: in...the..did what.. | 1942...american scientist pearl kendrick...combined the whole cell pertusis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to generate the first dtp combination vaccine |
| the pertussis portion of the dtp shot was originally | killed b pertussis bacteria |
| though effective, the pertussis vaccine caused...in 1942 | unwanted neurological side effects in children |
| ...permeated the publics' state of mind during the... | vaccine discomfort..late 1970s and early 1980s |
| in the 70s and 80s the dtp vaccines | dropped and pertussis cases rose |
| in response to decrease dtp vaccine and increase in pertussis, ...were developed throughout the... | acellular (toxoid and component) pertussis vaccines (aP)..80s |
| the first DTaP vaccine was fda approved in..and was shown to be just as... | 1991...effective as the dtp vaccine with no major side effects |
| dtap is much more..though | expensive than dtp vaccine |
| what was removed from the american market in 2001 | whole cell vaccines |
| corynebacterium diphtheriae biology | g+ bacillus with cell sticking together to odd shapes |
| corynebacterium diphtheriae causes...which is... | diphtheria...highly contagious and potentially life threatening infection |
| diphtheria usually attacks the..in more serious cases it can attack the.. | nose and throat...nerves and heart |
| diphtheria bacteria live in the...and person to person transmission is via... | upper resp tract...respiratory droplets |
| during its growth in the...the diphtheria toxin produces a... | throat...toxin that is carried in the bloodstream |
| corynebacterium diphtheriae is coded by a...which carries... | bacteriophage called corynephage...the toxin producing gene (tox gene) |
| the diphtheria toxin inhibits | protein synthesis of host cells and may damage heart and nervous system |
| corynebacterium diphtheriae early symptoms are | sore throat and mild fever |
| diphtheria symptoms progress to | lymphadenopathy of the neck |
| a...forms over the...with diphtheria | pseudomembrane...throat and tonsils |
| with diphtheria, the lymph nodes | swell in the throat (bull neck) |
| diphtheria can...and may lead to.. | make it hard to swallow...death by asphyxiation |
| diphtheria vaccine (the D in DTaP) is very...and the vaccine is... | effective...toxoid from c diphtheriae |
| diphtheria vaccine protects almost | everyone who has received the full series of recommended doses |
| diphtheria cases have...to only... | dropped from 200,000 in 1921...a few in a year in the us bec of the vaccine |
| clostridium tetani biology | g+, anaerobic, spore forming rods |
| clostridium tetani turns into | hardy spores in harsh conditions (soil) |
| c tetani spores germinate in | suitable environment (wound) |
| c tetani bacteria morphology | tennis racket or drumstick |
| c tetani causs | tetanus or lock jaw |
| tetanus is the only..trhat is not... | vaccine preventable disease...not communicable but acquired through environmental exposre to the spores |
| tetanus disease is caused by the...produced during the.. | action of a potent neurotoxin (tetanus toxin)...anaerobic growth of the bacterium in necrotic tissues such as dirty wounds, or from the umbilicus following non sterile delivery |
| c tetani vaccine is | inactivated tetanus toxin |
| clinical symptoms of tetanus are | muscle spasms, initially muscles of mastication causing trismus or lockjaw, which results in a characteristic facial expression |
| ...is the most common form of tetanus in.. | neonatal tetanus...developing countries |
| dtap vaccine should be given every | 10 years |
| d in dtap is for | corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria toxoid) |
| ap in dtap is for...and the original vaccine had the... | bordetella pertussis...whole killed bacteria |
| orignal bordetlla vaccine had too many | side effects including some deaths |
| bordetella vaccine changed to...which is a.. | acellular pertussis..subunit vaccine |
| the ap subunit vaccine includes..of the organism | fimbriae, exotoxin and capsule |
| t in dtap is for | c tetani (tetanus toxoid_) |
| dtap vaccine schedule | 4 shots of dtap at 2,4,6,15-18 months, one shot at 4-6 years old and a booster every 5-10 years |
| vaccine producers responsibility to | try to make vaccine as free of side effects as possible |
| society's responsibility is to | understand benefits/risk ratio to make informal decisions |
| my responsibility is to be able to | explain the potential benefits and risks to society |
Created by:
handrzej
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