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Life in the Sea
Exam 2/ take 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why aren't cells larger? | surface area to volume ratio volume of cytoplasm the nucleus can control |
| Autotrophs | self feeders photosynthesis chemosynthesis primary producers |
| Heterotrophs | eat organic matter secondary producers |
| Respiration | both autos and heteros |
| Species | can breed and have viable offspring |
| population | same species |
| communities | populations of different species (think BGSU campus: squirrels, plants, college students) |
| Ecosystems | physical and biological environment: rainfall, rocks, ph in water |
| Planktonic | Drifting organisms *cannot swim against the current |
| Types of planktonic life | 1.) zooplankton 2.) phytoplankton |
| zooplankton | tiny little animals: larval/shrimp |
| phytoplankton | tiny little algeas. Important to the ecosystem |
| Benthic | living on the bottom Ex: Crab |
| Nexton | swim on surface Ex: big things in the ocean |
| Homeostasis | Maintain internal environment Ex: pH, salinity, temp |
| Diffusion | the random motion of molecules high to low concentration until equilibrium how small molecules, like gases, enter and exit cells |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across a membrane Type of diffusion Osmotic pressure |
| Osmotic Pressure | when water moves into a cell, there is greater pressure |
| Passive transport | no energy Ex: diffusion |
| Active Transport | Energy Against concentration gradient Ex: Remove salt |
| Osmoconformer | Internal concentrations change to water stay in favorable environment |
| Marine Fish... | Drink water -water loss by osmosis -drink -excrete salt from gills -small volume of salty urine |
| Fresh water fish... | do not drink water -Water gain by osmosis -Dont drink -salt absorb by gills -large volume of dilute urine |
| Osmoregulator | control internal environment Amount of TOTAL dissolved material must be the same on both sides of the membrane sharks use urea Fish |
| cold blooded | cant regulate |
| Poikilotherm | body temperature that varies with ambient temperature (cold blooded) |
| Ectotherm | regulate body temp by exchanging heat with the environment (cold blooded) |
| Warm blooded | birds and mammals |
| Homeotherm | body temp constant (warm blooded) |
| Endotherm | generates heat to maintain its body temp (warm blooded) |
| Intermediate: Is it possible? | yes, large tuna, billfishes, and sharks Poikilothermic endotherm temp varies and also produces heat |
| Asexual | cell fission -daughter cells budding vegitative |
| Sexual | union of gametes Germ -meiosis other tissues- mitosis Haploid -egg and sperm Diploid -fertilization -zygote |
| Reproduction stategies | Broadcast spawning Mouth Brooders Male Pouch |
| Evolution | the gradual modification of populations of living organisms over time diversity natural selection reproductive isolation |
| Charles Darwin | Marine Biologist who studied Barnacles |
| Prokaryotes (bacteria) | heterotrophs -decomposers (decay bacteria) -slower at depth |
| Autotrophs | Photosynthetic Chemosynthetic |
| Cyanobacteria | small pigments -chlorophyll -phycocyanin -phycoerythin |
| Pigments in cyanobacteria | 1.) Chlorophyll 2.) Phycocyanin (blue) 3.)Phycoerythrin (red) |
| Dense blooms in warm waters | Red sea |
| Fossil Stromatolites | over 3 billion years old |
| Benthic Cyanobacteria | macroscopic colonies associations with coral reefs nitrogen fixation |
| Epiphytes | attach to other plants (Spanish Moss) |
| Endophytes | lives inside of algae (symbiotic relationship) |
| Endolithic | burrow into calcarous rock/coral |
| Symbiotic | -mutualistic -parasitic -comensalism |
| mutualistic | both gain something |
| comensalism | one benefits the other (remora and manaray) |
| Biolumenescence | Photophores |
| Tetrotoxin | made by symbiant puffer, blue ring octopus, snails, fish |
| Kingdom Protesta | all algae (seaweed) |
| Diatoms | most abundant phytoplankton unicellular cell wall= frustule= epitheca + hypotheca |
| Frustule | shell |
| Areolus | pore in frustule |
| centric | circular |
| pennate | football |
| auxospore | cell division reduces size until auxospore |
| Dinoflagellates | unicellular two flagella -one in the transverse groove cell wall made of cellulose photosynthetic pigments |
| saxitoxin | causes blooms, red tides, paralytic shellfish poisoning |
| zooanthellae | microscopic algae that are symbiants to coral |
| silicoflagellates | star-shaped silica cell walls |
| cocolithophorids | small calcarous plates= cocoliths calcium based |
| cryptomonads | 2 flagella no skeleton |
| Forams | test(shell) calcium carbonate pores -pseudopodia --extend thru to catch food |
| Radiolarians | silica shell fishes for whatever floats by |
| ciliates | cilia |
| tinitinnids | vase-like made of sand (amebas) |
| Fungi | both eukarotic decomposers, parasites |
| symbiotic relationship between algae and.. | fungi |
| chlorophyta | green algae simple filaments flat sheets grow in clusters |
| coraline green algae | some epiphytes and some endophytes |
| phaeophyta | brown algae fucoxanthin over chlorophyll rocky shoreline |
| Rhodophyta | red algae phycobilians over chorophyll |
| Parts of seaweed | blade-photosynthesis cells pneumatocysts- gas filled floats stipe- looks like a stem hold fast- short/stem like |
| halophytes | can tolerate salt |
| Salt marsh | eel grass submergent horizontal rhizomes pollen carried by water |
| Mangrove swamps | subtropical and replace salt marsh not cold tolerant |
| red mangrove | down by the water |
| black and white mangrove | further up on the land |
| Size (planktonic adapt) | small size helps to reduce surface volume ratio |
| vacuoles | big empty spaces full them larger without more mass in sustain |
| sinking | complex shapes to make them sink slower |
| harsh environment | horns spikes spines slime flagella toxins cysts |
| Reasons for Biolumenescence | -mating -avoid predation -general defense |
| scintellon | organalle |
| luciferin and luciferase | glowing properties |
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