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Terms Diabetes N130
N130 OLOL Diabetes Mellitus Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ADA diet | (blank) |
| Alpha Glucosidase inhibitors | A new class of drugs used in the treatment of non insulin dependant diabetes |
| Bigunides | a memeber of the class of oral antihyperglyceric agents that works by limiting glucose production and glucose absorption and by increasing the body's sensitivity to insulin. |
| Continous subcutaneous insulin infusion | (blank) |
| dawn phenomenon | a marked increase in insulin requirements between 6am and 9am as compared with the midnight to six am period. |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis | acidosis caused by an accumulation of ketone bodies in advanced stages of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. |
| Diabetes Mellitus | A chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia. |
| Exchange lists | A grouping of foods to assist people on special diets |
| Fasting blood glucose (FBG) | fasting levels of blood glucose normally between 80 and 120 |
| Gastric stasis | (blank) |
| Glucagon | A polypedtide homone secreted by teh alpha cells of the pancreas that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose. |
| Gluconeogenesis | The formation of glucose from excess amino acids, fats, or other noncarbohydrate sources. |
| Glucose tolerence test | testing the ability of the body to absorb and use glucose. |
| Glucosuria/Glycosuria | An abnormal amount of glucose in the urine. |
| Glycemic index | A ratio used to describe the ability of a food to increase blood sugar as compared with consumption of either glucose or white bread as the standard. |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin test ( hemoglobin A1C) | Hemoglobin A that contains a glucose group linked to the terminal amino acid of the beta chains of the molecule. |
| Hyperglycemia | Increased blood sugar, as occurs in diabetes |
| Hypoglycemia | An abnormally low level of glucose in the blood often associated with neurological side effects and arousal of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non ketotic Syndrome (HHNS) | (blank) |
| Impaired fasting glucose (IFG)/impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) | (blank) |
| Insulin | A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that controls the metabolism and cellular uptake of sugars, proteins, and fats. |
| Islet cell transplant | Guided by sophisticated imaging equipment in Interventional Radiology, doctors inject the cells into the patient’s liver through a catheter inserted into a major blood vessel, the portal vein. |
| Ketone | A substance containing the carvonyl group attached to two carbon atoms. |
| Ketonemia | The presence of acetone bodies in the blood which causes the characteristic fruity breath odor in ketoacidosis. |
| Ketonuria | Acetone bodies in the urine |
| Kussmaul respiration | Kussmaul's breathing- a very deep gasping type of respiration associated with severe diabetic ketonacidosis |
| Macroangiopathy | Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. |
| Microangiopathy | Pathology of small blood vessels. |
| Meglitinides | type 2 medications that increase first phase insulin release in the pancreas |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Any process that causes a decrease in ph of the body as a result of the retention of acids, or the loss of bicarbonate buffers. |
| Metformin Induced lactic acidosis | Metformin is a useful anti-hyperglycaemic agent but significant mortality is associated with drug-induced lactic acidosis. Significant renal and hepatic disease, alcoholism and conditions associated with hypoxia (eg. cardiac and pulmonary disease, surgery |
| Neurogenic bladder | Any dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by lesions of the central nervous system or nerves supplying the bladder. |
| Nephropathy | Disease of the kidney |
| Osmotic diuresis | is urination caused by the presence of certain substances in the kidney tubules. Excessive amount of glucose (blood-sugar) can cause this. |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | Any condition that causes partial or complete obstruction of the flow of blood to or from the arteries or veins outside the chest. |
| Polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| Polyphagia | eating abnormally large amounts of food, gluttony |
| Polyuria | Excessive secretion and discharge of urine |
| Proteinuria | Protein, usually albumin, in the urine |
| retinopathy | Any disorder of the retina |
| Renal Threshold | the concentration at which a substance in the blood normally not excreted by the kidney begins to appear in the urine. |
| Self monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) | (blank) |
| somogyi effect | In diabetes mellitus rebound hyperglycemia following an episode of hypoglycemia caused by counterregulatory hormone release. |
| Sulfonylureas | One of a class of oral durgs used to control hyperglycemia in type two diabetes mellitus. Members of this group include tolazamide, glyburide, and glipizide |
| Thiazolidinedione | An oral drug that lowers blood sugars by decreasing hepatic glucose output and increasing glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles. |
| Type 1 DM | Diabetes mellitus that usually has its onset before the age of 25 years in which the essential abnormalties is related to absolute nsulin deficiency. |
| Type 2 DM | A group of forms of diabetes mellitus that occur predominantly in adults. |
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