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Earthquakes!!!!!!!!!
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Earthquake | Natural geologic phenomena caused by the sudden and rapid movement of a large volume of rock |
| Plate Tectonics Theory | As plates move, rock breaks then rebound (spring back) into place |
| Elastic rebound | Earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been deformed by differential stress |
| Focus | The zone within the Earth where the rock displacement produces an earthquake. The origin of earthquakes |
| epicenter | the point at the surface directly above the focus |
| Faults | Caused by the rupture and slippage along the fractures in the Earth's crust |
| seismic waves | massive amount of energy that is released due to an earthquake. A form of elastic energy that causes vibrations in the material that transmit them |
| seismology | the study of earthquakes |
| seismograph | earthquake recording instrument. Records movement of Earth |
| Body waves | are categorized into two categories |
| Primary(P) waves | Push,pull waves. Compressional motion. Can travel through all these material |
| Secondary(S)waves | Shake the particles at right angles to their direction of travel. " Shake" motions. Travels only through solids |
| Surface Waves | Complex circular motion. Slowest, most destructive wave. Movement restricted to near Earth's surface |
| Magnitude | Based on amplitude of largest seismic wave |
| Intensity | A measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on observed effects |
| Richter Scale | Relies on data gleaned from the seismic records and other techniques to estimate the amount of energy released at an earthquake source. |
| Liquefaction | Saturation of ground material turning into a fluid. |
| Short Range | No reliable method yet advised for short range prediction. |
| Long Range | Earthquakes are repetitive; region is given a probability of a quake. |
| Composition | Chemical makeup of rocks |
| What are the two types of Earthquake Waves? | Body and surface waves |
| What are the two types of body waves? | Primary(P)waves and Secondary(S) waves |
| How do you locate an earthquake? | |
| How do you find the locating the epicenter? | three stations are needed. Point where three circles intersect is the epicenter. |
| Shadow zone | Absence of S waves from about 105 degrees to 140 degrees around the globe from an earthquake. |
| What can S and P waves help science determine the Earth's interior? | Knowledge of Earth's interior comes from the study of P and S earthquake waves. |
| How does the Richter Scale work? | Measures amplitude or wave displacement. Logarithmic scale. One magnitude=10x wave amplitude. Each magnitude= 32x energy released |
| What are the factors determine structural damage? | 1. Magitude of the Earthquake 2. Duration of the vibrations 3. Nature of the material upon which the structure rests 4. The design of the structure. |
| What are the destruction caused by earthquake vibrations? | 1. Liquification 2. Landslide 3. Fires 4. Tsuanami |
| How are Earth layers defined | Composition and physical characteristics |
| What are the two types of crust? | Continental and oceanic crust |
| Continental crust | Granitic composition. 4byo. Exceeds 40 miles in some mountainous regional |
| Oceanic crust | Roughly 5 miles. Basaltic composition 180 myo |
| Mantle: Peridotite (speculative) | Lava from the athenosphere has a composition similar to that which results from the partial melting of perodotite. |
| Core: Iron-nickel alloy | 1.Dense metals, sank to interior during planet's formation 2.Magnetic field supports molten outer core 3.Overall density best explained by iron core 4.Inner core- discovered 1936 by identifying a new region of seismic reflectin within the core |
| What are the physical characteristics of the Lithosphere? | Cool, rigid, solid, includes the Crust and the uppermost mantle 62 mi thick |
| what are the physical characteristics of the athenosphere | Soft, weak. Beneath the lithoshpere but still in the upper mantle, easily deformed |
| What are the physical characteristics of the mesosphere? | More rigid but rocks( or lower mantle) are hot and capable of gradual flow. Depths 412-1,813 mi |
| What are the physical characteristics of the outer core? | Liquid( determined because the waves cannot travel through liquid).Convection generates Earth's magnetic field 1429 mi thick |
| What are the characteristics of the inner core? | Solid 745 thick |
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