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Microbiology 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diarrhea is..more than..which might be associated with... | loose, watery stools...three times in one day ...cramps, bloating nausea and an urgentneed to go |
| diarrhea corresponds with | types 6 & 7 on the bristol stool chart |
| type 1 | separate hard lumps like nuts |
| type 2 | sausage shaped but lumpy |
| type 3 | like a sausage but w/ cracks on the surface |
| type 4 | like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft |
| type 5 | soft blobs with clear cut edges |
| type 6 | fluffy pieces with ragged edges, mushy stool |
| type 7 | watery, no solid pieces, entirely liquid |
| acute diarrhea is caused by | bacteria, parasitic infection, viruses or food intolerance |
| chronic diarrhea is associated with | functional disorders like irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) |
| types of diarrhea include | osmotic, secretory or exudative |
| osmotic diarrhea happens when too much...and is due to... | water is drawn into the bowels...malabsorption or laxative overuse |
| example of malabsorption would be | lactose intolerance |
| secretory diarrhea is really...and is the... | watery...active secretion of fluid from plasma into bowel |
| secretory diarrhea has an | ion composition of plasma and it continues even when fasting |
| secretory diarrhea often is caused by | bacterial toxins (cholera , ETEC) |
| exudative diarrhea involves the presence of...in the stool | blood and pus |
| exudative diarrhea occurs with...such as.. | inflammatory bowel diseases...crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and several infections |
| exudative diarrhea can also lead to...which is... | dysentery..bloody diarrhea |
| dysentery blood is caused by | invasion of bowel tissue by pathogen |
| pathogens that invade the bowel tissue to cause dysentery include | EHEC, salmonella, shigella, entamoeba histologica |
| enterics are... | rod shaped gram - bacteria |
| enterics are mostly | commensals or pathogens in intestines of humans and other animals |
| there are...enterics | 7 common gram - |
| all enterics are...except... | rods (bacilli)...vibrio which is a short helically shaped rod |
| vibrio causes | cholera |
| all enterics are..except..and... | motile...klebsiella and shigella |
| enterbacteriaceae is a family of...that contains more than... | gram - bacilli..100 species of bacteria which inhabit the intestines of humans and animals |
| examples of enterobacteriaceae include | escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae |
| enterobacteriaceae that are commonly part of the...are called.. | intestinal tract flora...coliforms |
| coliforms examples include | escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae |
| vibrionaceae family includes the | vibrio cholera |
| no family assigned enterics include | campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori |
| h pylori is a..which inhabits the... | spirochete...stomach |
| characteristics of g- enterics include | endotoxin, catalase +, surface antigens, r factors and coliforms |
| enteric endotoxins are part of the...found in all.. | lipopolysaccharide...gram - bacteria (lipid a part) |
| surface antigens of enterics are useful in...and can determine.. | serology..virulence |
| surface antigens can either be | h k o |
| h surface antigen is for | flagella |
| k antigen is for | capsule or fimbrae |
| o antigen is for | lps, carbohydrate part (endotoxin) |
| r factors are considered | antibiotic resistant and virulence factors |
| enterics are very effecient in...by either... | exchanging genetic material...conjugation or transduction by phage ( r factor part) |
| coliforms grow as | dark colonies on EMB agar |
| enteric transmission is | fecal-oral |
| enterics are mostly in the..through.. | usa..mass processing of food (cruise ships, meat packing plants, restaurant chains) |
| outbreaks of enterics are | monitored by the cdc |
| during an enteric outbreak the...needs to be..and... | source.identified...recall of contaminated product issued |
| in third world countries there is..so the incidence of enterics is... | poor quality of water supply...much higher |
| escherichia coli is named for...and it means... | escherich (germany)...colon |
| escherichia coli is part of the...and is considered... | coliform family...normal microflora of 100% of human colons |
| escherichia coli live in the | intestine of all warm blooded animals |
| special strains of e coli are | highly virulent due to possession of virulence factors |
| virulent strains of escherichia coli can cause | gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis and UTI |
| gastroenteritis are...which are transmitted by... | diarrheal type of diseases...fecal oral routes |
| gastroenteritis is caused by..each having... | several strains of e coli..unique virulence factors |
| e coli is a major cause of | neonatal meningitis |
| e coli causes UTI's such as | urethritis and cystitis |
| cystitis is a | bladder infection |
| gastroeneritis comes in two forms, either | enterotoxigenic e coli (ETEC) or enterohemorrhagic e coli (EHEC) |
| etec involves strains of e coli that produce | a plasmid-encoded heat stable toxin which causes watery diarrhea |
| the heat stable toxin for ETEC is derived from | shigella dna |
| etec is present in | food |
| the toxin in ETEC stimulates | hypersecretion of fluids and electrolytes from the gut epithelial cells |
| etec is a significant cause of | infant death (especially ihn the third world) |
| etec is a common cause of | travellers diarrhea |
| ehec is caused by a..that causes... | plasmid encoded toxin...bloody diarrhea (dysentery) |
| the ehec toxin disrupts..causing.. | protein synthesis...destruction of intestinal microvilli |
| strain...is the major cause of...(EHEC) | e coli o157:h7..food associated diarrheal disease in us |
| a complication of ehec is | hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
| HUS is a compliation of ehec infection in | 5-10% of children under 10 years old |
| hus is characterized by | hemolytic anemia and damage to the kidneys |
| hus can lead to | kidney failure |
| neonatal meningitis is cuased by strains which have the | k-1 capsule |
| uti and cystitis involves contamination of | urethra by bacteria that reside in the colon |
| uti and cystitis: bacteria..causing.. | ascend..inflammation of bladder (cystitis_) |
| uti and cystitis is caused by certain | strains of e coli (uropathogenic strains) that produce extra adhesins that bind to cell lining of bladder |
| the extra adhesins for uropathogenic strains of ecoli are the | fimbriae or pili |
| uti or cystitis infection can further | ascend to kidneys and the prostate |
| kidneys =...prostate=... | pyelonephritis..prostatitis |
| salmonella typhi is a member of...and is... | enterobacteriaceae family...g-, short bacillus |
| salmonella typhi have..and are highly... | peritrichous flagellae..motile |
| salmonella typhi causes | tyhpoid fever or enteric fever |
| salmonella typhi transmission is...and its possible to have... | fecal oral...non symptomatic strains (typhoid mary) |
| salmonella tyhpi or enteric fever happens when bacteria are | ingested by food or water contaminaed with feces from an infected person |
| typhoid fever bacteria...and are... | multiply in the blood stream...absorbed into the digestive tract and eliminated with the waste |
| symptoms of typhoid fever include | sustained fever as high as 40 c, with profuse sweating, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, rash of flat, rose colored spot |
| rose colored spots for typhoid fever are called | petechiae |
| typhoid fever is mostly in | third world countries |
| in the us, the majority of typhoid fever cases occur in | travelers from other countries |
| there is a...available but is generally reserved for... | vaccine for salmonella typhi...people traveling to underdeveloped countries where significant exposure may occur |
| the most effective preventative method for typhoid fever is to pay | strict attention to food and water precautions while traveling to such countries |
| salmonellosis is not as | virulent as typhoid fever |
| salmonellosis is an...with... | infection..different less virulent species of salmonella |
| salmonellosis can either be | s. enteritidis or s typhimurium |
| salmonellosis transmission happens between both | humans and animals |
| salmonellosis involves...which is... | zoonosis...fecal oral transmission from animal to human |
| salmonellosis is usually in...from..such as... | contaminated food..undercooked animal products...eggs, poultry, ground beef |
| contaminated food can also be | fruit and veggies contaminated with manure |
| what is rare with salmonellosis | human to human transmission (poor personal hygiene) |
| salmonella species: there are over | 400 strains of s typhimurium and s enteritides gropus |
| salmonella gastroenteritis is the | most common form of salmonellosis |
| salmonella gastroenteritis starts with..followed by.. | oral ingestion...colonization of lower intestine |
| salmonella gastroenteritis bacteria are capable of | mucosal invasion |
| mucosal invasion of salmonella gastroenteritis bacteria results in...leading to... | mucosal inflammation...diarrhea fever and cramps |
| salmonella gastroenteritis illness usually lasts | three to seven days |
| most people..without... | recover...medicinal treatment from salmonella gastroenteritis |
| in the 1990's approx. ...of commercially farmed chickens were... | 20%...contaminated with s entertides in the us |
| s enteritides is ..due to.. | less common now...improved hygiene regulations and vaccination of laying hens |
| shigella dysenteriae is a... | non motile, g- enterobacteriacae family member |
| shigella dysenteriae produces | diarrhea-inducing enterotoxin |
| shigella dysenteriae causes...and shigella is found frequently in... | shigellosis...water polluted with human feces |
| shigellosis is associated with | poor personal hygiene and ineffective water treatment |
| shigellosis is transmitted | via the fecal oral route |
| shigellosis is transmitted | fecal orallly |
| shigellosis bacterium resides in | human reservoirs only |
| shigellosis only needs a | few bacteria to cause infection because it is resistant to stomach acid |
| shigellosis can be spread...particularly in... | person to person...children and homosexual men |
| onset time for shigellosis is | 12-50 hours |
| symptoms of shigellosis may range from | mild abdominal discomfort to full blown bloody diarrhea |
| full blown bloody diarrhea is called | bacillary dysentery |
| other symptoms of shigellosis includes | cramps, diarrhea, fever, vomitting, blood pus mucus in stools |
| shigellosis is usually...and it is suggested that you.. | self limited...replace fluids and electrolytes |
| an..can shorten... | antibiotic treatment...symptoms and fecal shedding associated with shigellosis |
| shigellosis vaccine is in | development and shows promise |
| vibrio cholerae causes...and the bacteria are... | cholera..g- highly motile curved rods |
| cholera is endemic in | africa and south america |
| cholera is transmitted | fecal orally |
| cholera, once ingested, the...does what... | vibrio..colonizes the gi tract |
| cholera bacteria adhere to | microvilli by means of fimbrae |
| vibrio cholerae releases | cholera toxin which causes symptoms of cholera |
| symptoms of cholera include | secretory diarrhea with massive fluid and electrolyte efflux (rice water stool) |
| cholera leads to | severe dehydration |
| cholera toxin stimulates | hypersecretion of fluids and electrolytes from the gut epithelial cells into lumen of intstine |
| cholera results in sever | dehydration and death due to hypovolemic shock |
| cholera therapy involves | replacement of lost fluid and electrolytes by iv infusion or oraly |
| it is important to | measure the amount of fluid excreted and replaced with cholera |
| campylobacter jejuni are..with.. | motile, g- curved rods..bipolar flagella |
| jejuni is a significant cause of | food borne gastroenteritis worldwide |
| source of jejuni infection may be | food like raw milk, under cooked poultry, or contact with infected animals and their excreta |
| what is most common with jejuni | zoonoses from birds |
| what age is at risk for jejuni | all ages, but in the us, infants have highest incidence |
| jejuni virulence factors include | adhesins, LPS with endotoxic activity, enterotoxins, intracellular survival and ability to penetrate cells |
| jejuni organism invades | epithelium of lower small intestine and multiplies |
| invasion of epithelium of lower small intestine and multiplication of jejuni produces an | inflammatory response which is responsible for many of the symptoms |
| symptoms of jejuni start | 1-10 days after ingestion |
| symptoms of jejuni includ | vague abdominal cramps with progress to abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, chills and fever for 3-6 days |
| treatment for jejuni is with | erthromycin |
| untreated patients with jejuni can | secrete organism for several months |
| prevention of jejuni is by | thoroughly cooking poultry and only using pasteurized milk |
| clostridium difficile is present in | 30% of healthy individuals |
| clostridium difficile is | normal lfora of intestine in certain individuals |
| clostridium difficile causes | antibiotic-induced pseudomembraneous colitis |
| antibiotics kill...allowing.. | commensals...c difficle to thrive |
| c difficle bacteria release a...that.. | toxin...depolymerizes the actin filaments causing pseudomembranous lesions associated with hemorrhagic necorisis |
| the c difficile toxin causes | attraction of large amounts of neutrophils to the site of infection |
| c difficile is a common complication of | chronic antibiotic use |
| meningitis is the...known collectively as... | inflammation of the protective membranes covering the cns...meninges |
| bacteria and viruses that infect the...can spread by the..to the... | skin, urinary system, gi or respiratory tract...bloodstream..meninges through csf |
| csf is the fluid that | circulates in and around the spinal cord |
| most cases of meningitis, both...result from... | viral and bacterial...infections that are contagious, spread via tiny drops of fluid from the throat and nose of someone who is infeted |
| the drops for meningitis may become | air born |
| bacteria meningitis is...but is usally... | rare...serious and can be life threatening if it is not treated right away |
| viral meningitis(also called...) is relatively.. | aseptic meningitis...common and far less serious |
| purulent meningitis bacteria are | g+ cocci that live in chains |
| common symptoms of meningitis | fever, headache, neck/back stiffness, mental changes, rashes |
| infants with meningitis may not have...and might simply be... | those symptoms...extremely irritable, lethargic or have a fever |
| infants with meningitis m ay be difficult to | comfort even when they are picked up and rocked |
| diagnosis of meningitis is done by | spiral puncture and extraction of csf which is sent to the lab for culture |
| bacterial causes of meningitis include | strep pneumoniae #1, neisseria meningtidis #2, haemophilus influenzae #3, strep agalactiae (grp b strep) and e coli |
| which bacterias cause infant menigitis | strep agalactiae and e coli |
| s pneumoniae is the | leading cause of meningitis |
| s pneumoniae can cause..that leads to.. | infection of the middle ear (otitis media)..meningitis |
| there is no...associated with s pneumoniae meningitis | rash |
| s pneumoniae caused meningitis may lead to | permanent neurological sequelae |
| e coli and group b strep are the | leading causes of infant meningitis |
| e coli and group b strep diangosis and treatment are extremely | important |
| neisseria meningitidis biology | g-, oxidase +, aerobic diplococci |
| neisseria meningitidis have...and an... | pili for attchment...outer membrane lps |
| neisseria meningitidis virulent strains have | a capsule, pili and lps |
| our protection against neisseria meningitidis involves | anti-capsular osponic antibodies |
| the...is the only known reservoir for neisseria meningitids | human nasopharynx |
| there is a carraige rate of...in healthy population (mostly in...) | 10% neisseria meningitidis...college students |
| neisseria meningitidis is often transferred from...in... | person to person..aerosol form |
| upon infection with neisseria meningitidis, it first takes residence on the...by... | mucosal membrane surfaces of nasopharyngael areas...attaching with its pili |
| once neisseria meningitidis is attached to nasopharyngeal mucosal membrane surfaces, it then gradually... | infects deeper into the tissue untili it gains access to the bloodstream where it then travels to infect he meninges of the brain |
| neisseria meningitidis is the only bacteria that is kown to | cause epidemic meningitis |
| meningococcal meningitis most commonly affects | individuals aged between 3 years old and adolescents |
| neisseria meningitidis' meningococcal infection of the nasopharynx is usually | subclinical and resolves within several weeks |
| in a few individuals, neisseria meningitidis organims | invade the circulation and cause clincal disease |
| clincal disease with neisseria meningitidis include an...a..and a... | uncomplicated bactermic process, systemic infection and a sever systemic infection |
| the systemic infection associated with clincal neisseria meningitidis commonly involves the...and there is a...mortality rate | meninges..3% |
| the severe systemic infection, known as...associated with clincal neisseria meningitidis, happens with... | meningococcemia..circulatory collapse and evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation and petechial rash |
| once you get circulatory collapse and evidence of disseminated intravscular coagulation and petechial rash you have about | 50% chance of survival |
| neisseria meningitidis complication is...which is a... | water house friderichsen syndrom..massive, usually bilateral, hemorrhage into the adrenal glands caused by severe meningococcemia |
| n meningitidis causes a characteristic | skin rash called purpura of meningoccocal speticemia |
| neisseria meningitidis can lead to | necrosis and vascular collapse due to meningococcemia |
| therapy for n meningitidis involves | penicillin to treat meningococcemia and meningococcal meningitis |
| you must | diagnose n meningitidis quickly |
| for exposed individuals to n meningitidis you use... | rifampin for chemoprophylactic |
| there are...that cause human disease | 12 types of neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides |
| the most important serogroups for neisseria meningitids are | a b c y and w135 |
| serogroup b causes | the most cases in the usa |
| neiseria meningitidis currently has | two vaccines |
| the two vaccines for neisseria meningitids are | polysaccharide vaccine and conjugate vaccine |
| meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine is called...and has been approved by the... | mpsv4 or menomune...fda since 1981 |
| meningococcal conjugate vaccine is called...and was licensed in... | mcv4 or menactraT...2005 |
| both vaccines can prevent | four types of meningococcal disease (serogroup a c y and w135 |
| there is no vaccine for | serogroup b |
| in 1994 in oregon, incidence of...increased... | serogroup b meningococal disease...5 times higher than all other states |
| the conjugate vaccine menactra is recommended for | all children at their routine preadolescent visit (11 to 12 years old) |
| conjugate vaccine menactra is recommended for those who have never | gotten menactra previously before highschool entry |
| conjugate vaccine menactra is also recommended for | college freshman living in dorms and us military recruits |
| haemophilus influenzae biology | g- pleomorphic rods |
| haemophilus influenzae grows in... | chocolate agar which contains NAD and heme (lysed rbc) |
| h influenzae lives in the | human respiratory tract of up to 90% of all healthy individuals |
| most strains of h influenzae are | opportunistic pathogens (cause disease secondary to viral infection) |
| encapsulated h influenza are the...and the most pathogenic one is... | pathogenic ones...capsule type B (Hib) |
| until vaccine discovery, hib was one of the | most important cuses of bacterial infection in young children |
| in infants and young children aged two months to four years old, hib caused a | variety of disease such as meningitis, epilogittitis, septicemia, pneumonia and arthritis |
| due to routine use of the...the incident of... | hib conjugate vaccine in the us since 1990...invasive hib disease has decreased to 1.3/100,000 children |
| unencapsulated h influenzae is the...and causes... | non b type..ear and eye infections and sinusitis in children |
| ear infection is...and eye infection is... | otitis media...conjunctivitis |
| unencapsulate h influenzae is associated with | pneumonia |
| h influenzae therapy has a | high mortality rate if untreated |
| you treat h influenzae with | iv third generation cephalosporin |
| h influenzae causes | post infection neurological sequelae |
| prevention of h influenzae is with | hib vaccine |
| there are two types of hib vaccine | polysaccharide (prp) vaccine or hib conjugate |
| the polysaccharide hib vaccine mounts a...and is not appropriate for... | t independent response...infants |
| hib polysaccharide vaccine is helpful for | older children and adults |
| hib conjugate takes the...and conjugates it to a... | carbohydrate capsule..protein(diptheria toxin) to make it more immunogenic |
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