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Microbiology 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the alveoli are responsible for | oxygnating blood and draining lymph |
| pneumonia is the...resulting in... | inflammation of the lung alveoli...accumulation of exudate and fluid in the lung |
| host defenses against pneumonia include | mucus, ciliated epithelium, epiglottal reflex, cough reflex, macrophages, lymphatic drainage |
| the mucus does what | traps microbes |
| ciliated epi ...towards... | sweeps mucus trapped microbes...pharynx and out of sinuses/bronchi |
| epiglottal reflex guards against | aspiration (gag) |
| cough reflex does what | expels bacteria laden mcus from bronchioles |
| macrophages ...that reach the... | phagocytise microorganisms...the alveoli |
| lymphatic drainage does what | flushes phagocytised microbes from bronchioles |
| risk factors for pneumonia include anything whic hcan | damage the lung tissue |
| risk factor:...and...damage... | viral infection...smoking...ciliated epithelium of upper airways |
| risk factor: ...in the... | fluid accumulationg...lung |
| decreased...i.e....can be a risk factor for pneumonia | macrophage action...influenza or smoking |
| who are at greatest risk for pneumonia | elderly, smokers (50x increase in risk), miners, people /w influenza, sickle cell anemia, immunosupressed and those w/ chronic cardiovascular disease |
| ...and...lead to... | alcohol and drugs...aspiration pneumonia |
| what microbes cause pneumonia | bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi |
| bacteria that cause pneumonia are either | gram pos, gram neg or acid fast positive |
| gram pos bacteria that cause pneumonia include | strep penumoniae, staph aureus |
| gram neg bacteria that cause pneumonia include | legionella pneumophilae, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae and klebsiella pneumoniae |
| acid fast positive bacteria that cause pneumonia include | mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| viruses that cause pneumonia include | influenza |
| protozoa that cause pneumonia include | toxoplasma gondii |
| fungi that cause pneumonia include | pneumocystis jirovecii |
| strep pneumoniae is...and is also termed.. | gram positive...pneumococcus |
| strep pneumoniae is..with the.. | ungroupable..lancefiled system |
| strep pneumoniae can either be | alpha hemolytic (aerobic) or beta hemolytic (anaerobic) |
| strep pneumoniae is considered...althought it is not always... | normal pharyngeal microbiota (throat)...there |
| strep pneumoniae is sensitive to..and has several | optochin...virulence factors |
| virulence factors for strep pneumoniae include | capusule, protein adhesin, secretory iga protease, pneumolysin |
| strep pneumoniae capsule allows bacteria to | evade immune system |
| protein adhesin allows strep pneumoniae to | attach to epithelial cells |
| secretory iga protease does what | destroys iga which is associated with mucosa |
| pneumolysin lyses | cytoplasmic membranes of epithelial cells |
| strep pneumoniae often produces...which is... | sputum..mucus coughed up from lower respiratory tract |
| sputum is often | examined for infectious microbes |
| it is important to distinguish between... | sputum and saliva |
| sputum has | pmns and is greenish |
| saliva has | epithelial cells from cheek lining |
| the..is the most important virulence factor | capsule of strep pneumoniae |
| unencapsulated s pneumoniae are | not virulent |
| there are...variations of the capsule | 90 |
| what can be used for serotyping | antibodies against capsule polysaccharide |
| quellung reaction means...and it involves an... | swelling...increase in the opacity and visibility of the capsule of encapsulated bacteria |
| in the quellung reaction, the increase in opacity and visibility of the capsule of encapsulated bacteria results from | exposure to specific, agglutinating anticapsular antibodies |
| strep pneumoniae's effects on the lung includ | congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, resolution |
| congestion happens within the...and involves a... | first and second days...protein rich edema fluid containing numerous organisms (strep pneumoniae) filling the alveoli |
| marked...of the...is typical in the congestion stage of strep pnemoniae | congestion...capillaries |
| red hepatization happens within the...and involves a massive | second and fourth days...outpouring of pmn accompanied by intra-alveolar hemorrhage |
| red hepatization is when many of the...undergo... | rbcs..lysis |
| red hepatization is marked by the...which is... | rusty sputum...rbcs and pmns |
| because the firm consistency of the affected lung is similar to the...this stage has been named... | liver..red hepatization |
| gray hepatization occurs between days...and involves the.. | 4th-6th days...lysis of pm and the appearance of macrophages, which phagocytise the fragmented pmn and other inflammatory debris |
| during gray hepatization stage, the lung is now | no longer congested but still remains firm in this stage |
| resolution happens between days...and the...are.. | 8-9th days...alveolar exudates...removed and the lung gradually returns to normal |
| strep pneumoniae: there are two ways to determine involvement of the lung | either a chest xray or rusty sputum |
| chest x rays are generally | localized to lower lobes of lungs (lobar pneumonia) |
| other infections w/ s pneumoniae include | otitis media, sinusitis, bacteremia, meningitis |
| otitis media is primarily a | childhood disease (80% of all kids get it by age 3) |
| otitis media happens more often in children with | passive smoke exposure and non-breast fed infants |
| sinusitis occurs in | patients of all ages |
| bacteremia is..without.. | 85% fatal..tx |
| meningitis is the leading cause of | bacterial meningitis in all ages |
| meningitis results in | 3000 deaths/year in the us |
| meningitis causes the | highestt post infecion, permanent neurological damages |
| strep pneumoniae is a common inhabitant of the | throat and nasopharynx |
| s pneumoniae is found in roughly | 30% of healthy individuals |
| strep pneumoniae is more common in | children than adults and during cold seasons |
| s pneumoniae disease occurs when | organism spreads to distal loci |
| pneumoniae in the lungs is called...and there are how many cases/year | pneumonia...500000 |
| pneumoniae in the paranasal sinuses is called..and how many cases | sinusitis...7 million |
| pneumoniae in the middle ear is called...and how many cases... | otitis media...7 million |
| pneumoniae in the meninges is called..and how many cases.. | meningitis...6000 |
| strep pneumoniae is a target for | many available antibiotics |
| ...% of antibiotic prescriptions are for ages...for... | 50...0-4 years...pneumococcal otitis media |
| historically...has been very effective for s pneumoniae but there have been.. | penicillin...rapid changes in resistance lately |
| s pneumoniae is resistant to | penicillin (i.e. amoxicillin), cephalosporins, erythromycin (macrolides) clindamycin and some fluoroquinolones |
| today over...starins are... | 25%..penicillin resistant |
| over ...have an... | 14$ of s pneumoniae...mdr profile |
| some s pnemoniae strains are now only | vancomycin sensitive (used for meningitis) |
| there are..avaible to combat s pneumoniae but they differ for the... | two vaccines...target population |
| the target populations are the | antibodies against the capsule polysaccharide |
| the two s pneumoniae vaccines are | 23 valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) |
| PPV23 is the..and was introduced in.. | oldest vaccine...1987 (pneumovax) |
| ppv23 has...included and covers.. | 23 serotypes...88% of adult disease-associated strains |
| ppv23 produces a | purified carbohydrate, t cell independent response |
| ppv23 is indicated for what groups | over 65 years old, hiv, diabetics, splenic dysfunction groups, high influenza risk, smokers, cardiac/pulmonary disease, complement abnormality |
| pneumococcal vaccine coverage in adults over 65 years has | greatly increased over the past two decades (66% have had received ppv) |
| pcv is for | children |
| pcv is a | protein carbohydrate conjugate |
| ppv23 induces a...but children under..have a... | t independent response..two..poor response to ppv23 due to immaturity of the immune system |
| the...in pcv aids in a... | protein component...t cell dependent response |
| pcv is more effective for | ages under two |
| the protein conjugate in pcv is a fragment of | diphtheria toxin |
| pcv contains...which cover... | seven serotypes (pcv7)...more than 80% of s pneumoniae infections under age 6 |
| the goal is to | vaccinate all children under two |
| pneomococcal vaccine schedule includes...when... | four childhood shots of pcv...2,4,6,12-15 months |
| there is a.. for children older than...which are in a.. | pcv booster/ppv...two years old...high risk group |
| high risk group for children include those with | sickle cell anemia, hiv, chronic heart or lung conditions |
| pneumococcal disease is more common among...such as... | healthy children of certain racial or ethnic groups..alaska natives, native americans and african americans |
| legionnaires disease acquired its name in..when an.. | 1976..outbreak of a pneumonia occurred among people attending a convetion of the american legion in philadelphia |
| in..the legionnaires (many..) went to philadelphia to celebrate... | july 1976..elderly...200th birthday of our country |
| a week later, ... of the legionnaire's developed a...which killed.. | 200...mysterious pneumonia...34 of them |
| several months of investigation resulted in identifying the agent as a | bacterium that is present in natural moist environment |
| legionella pneumopila is made of...and it does..in water | gram neg rods...parisitizes protozoans |
| legionella pneumophila doesn't normally...because its normal host is... | infect humans...protozoa in water |
| legionella pneumophila can also form | biofilms on pipes and water systems |
| legionella pneumophila is transmitted via | aerosols from water systems |
| aerosol transmission of legionella pneumophila from water systems includes | contaminated cooling towers, evaporative condensers, and showers, humidifiers, resp therapy equipment, whirlpool spas, decorative fountains |
| how many cases per year in the us of legionella pneumophila? but they are often... | 10000-15000...under reported |
| approx...of legionella pneumophila cases can be..if not... | 20%...fatal..promptly treated |
| legionella is treated w | antibiotics |
| milder form of legionellosis is called...and it does not involve.. | ponticc fever...pneumonia and is less fatal |
| signs and symptoms of legionella include | fever, chills, headache, dry non productive cough, pneumonia |
| complications w/ legionella can involve the | gi tract, nervous sytem, liver and kidneys |
| risk factors for legionella includ | patients w/ compromised pulmonary functions (smokers and alcoholics) and patients that are immunocompromised (transplants/elderly in hospital0 |
| what percent of legionella cases in elderly are hospital derived | 25% |
| diagnosis of legionella: legionella is..and only grows on.. | fastidious...special media |
| the advent of..has made legionella diagnosis easier | flourescent antibodies |
| mycoplasma pneumoniae is also known as | primary atypical pneumoniae and walking pneumoniae |
| mycoplasma pneumoniae is very...and is... | very small bacterium...fastidious (hard to cure) |
| mycoplasma pneumoniae has a..morphology | fried egg colony |
| there is no...int he cell wall of mycoplasma so it is...which means it has no... | PG..atypical...sensitivity to penicillins |
| mycoplasma does have..in its cell wall which is also... | sterols..atypical |
| there is a higher incidence of mycoplasma pneumoniae in | military/college population |
| mycoplasma is...and is based on the.. | hard to diagnose..symptoms |
| mycoplasma grows | slowly in culture (2 weeks) |
| diagnosis of mycoplasma involves either a..or a... | chest x ray...serological diagnosis |
| chest x rays for mycoplasma involves | diffused infiltrate not being remarkable |
| serological diagnosis of mycoplasma involves a variety of | rapid tests based on indirect hemagglutination of erythrocytes or latex particles coated w/ m pneumoniae antigens |
| treatment of mycoplasma incolves a..treatment w... | long term...non-penicillin family of drugs (sihnce the organism has no pg) |
| chlamydia pneumoniae is...and has a shape that is... | gram neg...roundish/irregular |
| chlamydia pneomoniae are...that have a unique... | obligate intracellular pathogen...developmental cycle |
| chlamydia pneumoniae bacteria can't make their | own atp so they have to get it form their host |
| once inside...chalymdia prevents... | phagocytic cells of lung (alveolar macrophages)...fusion of phagosome and lysosome |
| pathogenesis of chlamydia pnemonia: ...cuases... | respiratory pathogen..pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis and sinusitis |
| chlamydia pneumoniae causes | 10% of all community acquired pneumonias |
| chlamydia pneumoniae organism can make its way into the...linger for...inducing the.. | walls of various medium and large blood vessels..years..inflammation and immune reaction causing atherosclerosis leading to heart attacks and storkes |
| treamtent for chlamydia: due to its...a..treatment is needed | intracellular nature ...long term |
| treatment of chlamydia is with | azithromycin (z pack) |
| klebsiella pneumoniae is made of | encapsulated gram neg rods |
| klebsiella is found in the | normal flora of the human mouth, skin and intestines |
| klebsiella can cuase..typically due to... | bacterial lobal pneumonia...aspiration in alcholoics or people with compromised pulmonary function |
| klebsiella is also an...mroe commonly causing... | opp pathogen..hospital acquired lung, urinary tract and wound infections |
| the drug resistant klebsiella pneumoniae is known as...and is a... | CRE (carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae..common problem |
Created by:
handrzej
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