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AP Bio - Chapter 48

TermDefinition
Central Nervous System (CNS) (Brain and spinal cord) organize neurons that carry out integration.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The neurons that carry information into and out of the CNS.
Dendrites receive stimuli from other neurons.
Axon transmits impulses from cell body outward to another cell.
Cell body integrates signals from dendrites.
Nodes of Ranvier impulses jump from node to node.
Myelin sheath insulates and protects axon and speeds the impulse.
Interneuron A compact neuron that resides within the spinal cord and brain. Transfers sensory stimuli directly to motor neurons or to the brain.
Resting Potential Neuron is at rest = unstimulated. Axon membrane is polarized. Na+ and K+ ions are maintained on opposite sides of the plasma membrane. Measured potential = approximately -70 mV. This gradient is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump.
Action Potential Axon membrane becomes depolarized, an impulse passes, and Na+ ions move through membrane channels into the cell while K+ ions move out of the cell. Occurs in a wavelike pattern. Travels in only one direction. Is an "all-or-none" event.
Refractory Period The period of repolarization during which the sodium-potassium pump restores the membrane of the axon to its resting potential. No impulse can pass during the refractory period, which ensures that impulses pass along an axon in only one direction.
Membrane Potential An electrical charge difference across the membrane of every living cell.
Voltage-gated Channels Channels in the membranes of neurons that allow one type of ion to pass (i.e., Ca++).
Synapse Junction between a terminal branch of a neuron and another neuron.
Neurotransmitter Released from presynaptic vesicles in the terminal branch of an axon.
Hyperpolarization The increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential.
Depolarization The reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential.
Sensory neurons transmit information from eyes and other sensors that detect external stimuli or internal conditions.
Motor Neurons generate output by triggering muscle or gland activity.
Glial cells (Glia) Supporting cells that the neurons require. They may nourish neurons, insulate the axons of neurons, or regulate the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons.
Created by: shshin1994
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