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H. Bio Ch. 14,15,&16
Chapters 14, 15, and 16 of Freshman Honors Biology
| Vocab Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| biogenesis | principle stating that all living things come from other living things |
| spontaneous generation | process in which living things supposedly arose from nonliving things |
| radiometric dating | techniques of methods for establishing the age of materials |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain |
| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus in an isotope |
| radioactive decay | when isotopes' nuclei release particles or radiant energy, or both, until the nuclei become stable |
| half-life | the length of time it takes for one-half of any size sample of an isotope to decay to a stable form |
| microspheres | structures which are spherical in shape and are composed of many protein molecules that are organized as a membrane |
| coacervates | collections of droplets that are composed of molecules of different types, including lipids, amino acids, and sugars |
| ribozyme | an RNA molecule that can act as a catalyst and promote a specific chemical reaction |
| archaea | related group of unicellular organisms, many of which thrive under extremely harsh environmental conditions |
| chemosynthesis | process of obtaining energy by using inorganic substances instead of organic ones as in photosynthesis |
| cyanobacteria | a group of photosynthetic, unicellular prokaryotes |
| endosymbiosis | theory in which a type of small, ancient, aerobic prokaryote was engulfed by and began to live and reproduce inside of a larger, anaerobic prokaryote |
| evolution | the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time |
| strata | rock layers |
| natural selection | theory Darwin proposed as the mechanism for descent with modification |
| adaptation | a trait that makes an individual successful in its environment |
| fitness | measure of an individual's heredity contribution to the next generation |
| fossil | the remains or traces of an organism that died long ago |
| superposition | principle stating that if the rock strata at a location have not been disturbed, the lowest stratum was formed before the strata above it |
| relative age | a fossil's age compared to that of other fossils |
| absolute age | time since formation (exact age) |
| biogeography | the study of the locations of organisms around the world |
| homologous structures | anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity from a structure in the most recent common ancestor of the species |
| analogous structures | structures with closely related functions that do not derive from the same ancestral structure |
| vestigial structures | structures that seem to serve no function but that resemble structures with functional roles in related organisms |
| phylogeny | the relationships by ancestry among groups of organisms |
| convergent evolution | the process by which different species evolve similar traits |
| divergent evolution | process in which the descendants of a single ancestor diversify into species that each fit different parts of the environment |
| adaptive radiation | pattern of divergence in which a new population in a new environment will undergo divergent evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment |
| artificial selection | process occurring when a human breeder chooses individuals that will parent the next generation |
| coevolution | when two or more species have evolved adaptations to each other's influence |
| population genetics | the study of evolution from a genetic point of view |
| bell curve | graph curved in the shape of a bell |
| allele frequency | determined by dividing the number of a certain allele by the total number of alleles of all types in the population |
| phenotype frequency | the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population |
| Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium | principle based on a set of assumptions about an ideal hypothetical population that is not evolving |
| immigration | the movement of individuals into a population |
| emigration | the movement of individuals out of a population |
| gene flow | the process of genes moving from one population to another |
| genetic drift | the phenomenon by which allele frequencies in a population change as a result of random events, or chance |
| sexual selection | tendency of females to choose males they mate with based on certain traits |
| stabilizing selection | type of natural selection in which individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness |
| disruptive selection | type of natural selection in which individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait |
| directional selection | type of natural selection in which individuals that display a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form of the trait |
| speciation | process of species formation |
| morphology | internal and external structure and appearance of an organism |
| biological species concept | concept stating a species is a population of organisms that can successfully interbreed but cannot breed with other groups |
| geographic isolation | physical separation of members of a population |
| allopatric speciation | when speices arise as a result of geographic isolation |
| allopatric | different homelands |
| reproductive isolation | results from barriers to successful breeding between population groups in the same area |
| prezygotic isolation | premating isolation; ocurs before fertilization |
| postzygotic isolation | postmating isolation; occurs after fertilization |
| sympatric speciation | when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area |
| gradualism | the idea that speciation occurs at a regular, gradual rate |
| punctuated equilibrium | pattern of species formation of sudden, rapid change over periods of little change |
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