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Microbiology 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| strep is...and they are... | gram + cocci...facultative anaerobes |
| there are more than..species of strep | 30 |
| strep is arranged in... | pairs or chains |
| strep is often categorized based on...which is divided into... | lancefield calssification...serotypes based on bacterias surface antigens |
| lancefield groups ...include the.. | a and b...significant human pathogens |
| strep is also classified by | patterns of hemolysis on blood agar |
| classifications based on patterns of hemollysis include | alpha beta and gamma |
| alpha is | incomplete hemolysis |
| beta is | complete hemolysis |
| gamma is | no hemolysis |
| group a strep is...and their pattern of hemolysis is... | s pyogenes...beta |
| group b strep is...and their pattern of hemolysis is... | s agalactiae...mostly beta |
| group d strep is...and patterns of hemolysis is... | s faecalis...alpha or beta |
| nongroupable strep can either be..and their hemolysis group is either... | viridans group or s pneumoniae...alpha/gamma or alpha respecitively |
| patterns of hemolysis depend on | virulence factors |
| group a strep are...and.. | g + and catalase - |
| group a strep are...and the pathogenic strains often form... | b hemolytic...capsules |
| group a strep is...meaning that.. | bacitracin-sensitive...bacitracin is an antibiotic that prevents pg layer synthesis (topical) |
| s pyogenes contains...such as... | virulence determinants for group a strep...capsule, m protein, protein f of cell wall and streptokinase |
| capsule of s pyogenes is composed of...and is similar to... | hyaluronic acid...host CT component (camoflauges bacteria) |
| the capsule of s pyogenes helps | resist phagocytosis by pmns |
| m protein is a...made of... | attachment factor for s pyogenes...fimbrial antigen |
| the fimbrial antigen of..is the.. | m protein...most important virulence factor |
| m protein mediates..and inactivates... | attachment (adhesion)...c3b (prevents opsonization) |
| m protein: more than... | 90 variants exist |
| protein f of the cell wall is implicated in | attachment to throat mucosa |
| steptokinase is an...which.. | enzyme..breaks down blood clots (allowing bact. to escape) |
| streptokinase purified, can be used as a | clotbuster for treating heart attack and stroke |
| more virulence determinants for group a strep include | c5a peptidase, hyaluronidase, dnase, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A, streptolysins |
| c5a peptidase inactivates...which prevents... | c5a..recruitment of pmn and macrophages |
| hyalurondiase is released at...and it aids in... | certain points in celel cycle...invasion of Ct |
| dnase helps organism | spread w/i infected tissue |
| streptoccocal pyrogenic exotoxin a is called...and is an...which... | spe A...superantigen...activates t cells non specifically |
| spe a is in a family of toxins produced by | species which cause scarlet fever or necrotizing fasciitis |
| streptolysins are released from...and there are two types... | exotoxins...o and s |
| streptolysins lyse | blood cells, including phagocytes |
| streptolysins are the..responsible for.. | enzyme...beta-hemolytic classification |
| pathogenesis for group a strep (s pyogenes): they are...and spread by.. | opportunistic pathogens...respirtory droplets |
| group a strep is spread especially in...and the risk factors include... | crowded areas such as classrooms, day care, etc...depleted commensal microbiota, impaired immunity and large innoculum |
| due to...due to this s pyogenes has...but...stilll causes significant... | sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, mortality...declines over the years...group a strep...disease and must be identified and treated qu9icly |
| group a streptococcal disease include | pharyngitis, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, necortizing fasciitis, myositis, scarlet fever,rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, |
| pharyngitis is also called...and is an infection of the... | strep throat...throat w/ group a strep accompanied w/ inflammation of the pharynx |
| in strep throat the pharynx appears | red w/ swollen lymph nodes |
| in strep throat there are..over the... | purulent (pus) abcesses...tonsils |
| strep throat is often...instead of...so you need.. | misdiagnosed...viral pharyngitis...bacteriological test to confirm strep |
| pharyngitis can lead to | rheumatic fever |
| signs and symptoms of strep throat include | throat pain, difficulty swallowing, red/swollen tonsils, sometimes w/ white patches/streaks of pus, swollen/tender lymph nodes in neck, fever, headache, rash, stomachache, often accompanied by vomitting in younger kids |
| unfortunately, many of strep throat's symptoms are..., however one big difference is... | very similar to those caused by viral tonsilitis (common cold)...that strep throat does not cause coughing |
| a...can determine whehter or not the tonsillitis is strep throat | throat swab or rapid antigen test |
| if it is strep throat then a..must get started right away | antibiotic |
| group a skin infection includes...which is a.. | impetigo...highly communicable diffuse skin infection |
| impetigo is similar to... | symptoms caused by staph aurues |
| staph aurues impetigo, the disease is | self limiting |
| strep pyogenes impetigo has | possible commplications |
| infections w/ s pyogenese can start from the...and can go deeper into the...and...all the way into the...and the... | spuerficial epidermis (impetigo)....dermis (erysipelas)...subdermal area (cellulitis)...fascia(necrotizing fasciitis)...muscle (myositis) |
| erysipelas is ...and is usually spread from... | skin inflammation of lyhmph nodes..impetigo |
| erysipelas is most common on the | faces of children and eldery |
| necrotizing fasciitis is also known as...and happens when... | flesh eating bacteria...strep enter the body through breaks in skin |
| necrotizing faciitis involves...that. | .bacteria..secrete toxins and enzymes, destroying tissues |
| the bacteria involved in ncrotizing faciitis spread...and the disease also involves... | along CT or fascia..toxemia, or release of toxins by bacteria |
| mortality for necrotizing faciitis is around | 50% bec of organ failure |
| scarlet feve involves a..accompanied by a... | rash..sore throat caused by strep pyogenes |
| scarlet fever is...which would be... | eoxtoxin mediated...streptococcal pyrogenic exotixin (spe a) |
| symptoms of scarlet fever include | red, swollen throat w/ strawberry toungue, high fever (above 101), erythematosus (Red) rash |
| the rash for scarlet fever generally...and is followed by... | disappears after about a week..sloughing of skin |
| rheumatic fever is a...of.. | serious complication...s pyrogenes pharyngitis |
| rheumatic fever is an..which can affect the... | acute inflammatory condition..heart, joints, nerovus system |
| rheumatic fever can cause damge to...by.. | heart..bacterial toxins as wel as by antibodies against strep antigens whic hcross-react w/ the valves in the heart |
| rheumatic fever usually occurs in...and damge may demand... | children between 6-15 years of age...valve-replacement surgery at older age |
| glomerulonephritis is another | complication of s pyogenes pharyngitis |
| glomerulonephritis involves...in the.. | depostion of antibody-bacterial immune complexes...glomerula of the kidney |
| glomerulonephritis results in...and... | hypetension..low urine outpute |
| glomer, in children, usually...and in adults it can cause... | resolves after treatment...permanent damage to kidneys |
| strep agalactiae is part of...which are... | group b strep...weakly beta hemolytic |
| s agalactiae form..and has.. | capsules...group-specific cell wall antigens |
| s agalactia/grou b strep forms...and are.. | large, buttery colonies...bacitracin resistant |
| group b will have a....which is a phenomenon which amplifies... | positive camp test....the beta hemolytic response when strep agalactiae interacts w/ staph aureus on blood agar causing an arrow shaped zone |
| strep agalactiae pathogenicity: group b strep are... | commensals of lower GI and urinary tracts |
| the capsules of group b strep are susceptible to...and...controls the infection and... | immunoglobulin...humoral immunity...eliminates bacteria in the healthy |
| maternal igg will therefore | passively protect most newborns from strep agalactiae |
| newborns of women who do not make igg against groub b strep are...which can cause... | susceptible to infection at birth...bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis in susceptible newborns |
| group b strep is the most common | infectious cause of death in newborns in the usa |
| strep agalactiae is associated with | neonatal bacteremia, meningitis and pneumonia |
| pregnant women get | screened for group b strep |
| if a preg woman is group b strep positibe they will be | treated with antibiotics as well as prophylactic iv antibiotics during labor (intrapartum) |
| currently a | vaccine is being explored for group b strep |
| viridans strep is..with the... | ungroupable...lancefield system |
| viridans strep has a...and is.. | mixed hemolytic pattern..optichin resistant |
| there are...of viridans including... | multiple species...strep mutans and salivarius |
| viridans strep are considered...which are... | normal flora of humans...100% carriers |
| viridans strep is the agent of... | strepcoccal subacute endocartidis (SSEC) |
| ssec is an...that is caused by... | opp infection of the heart..lesions in the mouth allowing bacteremia |
| once lesions in the mouth cause bacteremia for SSEC, the organism can | bind to heart valves of people w/ history or rheumatic fever |
| it is important to. | take medical history before dental work |
| patients w/ a history of rheumatic fever receive | penicillin a week before the dental work |
| optichin sensitivity is...determined by the... | antibiotic sensitivity...kirby-bauer test |
| the kirby bauer test is done in three steps | streak plate w/ bacteria, place a filter paper disk soaked in antibiotic to be tested over the streaked area, allow for growth |
| strep mutans have...to help them... | evolved receptors...stick to the tooth enamel and produce lactic acid as a byproduct of sugar digestion |
| s mutans is also transmitted from | mother to offspring |
| early stages of dental carrie | acids dissolve the enamel in the crown of the tooth |
| moderate tooth decay | here the dentin is attacked by acids and bacteria to invade the cavity |
| advanced tooth decay... | inflammation of the pulp |
| necrosis means | death of the pulp tissue |
| ...forms at the apex of the root of the tooth as the last step | periapical abscess |
| subacute means ...compared with.. | slower disease progress...acute rheumatic fever (rapid) |
| rheumatic fever deals with...whil SSEC deals with the... | the toxins secreted by bacteria...the bacteria themselves |
| in rheumatic fever the...as well as the... | group a strep toxins...antibodies against the bacteria damage healthy heart valves |
| in SSEC the actual...on the... | actual bacteria(viridans group strep) grow...already damaged heart valves and cause more damage |
| strep pneumoniae is also called...and the bacteria are... | meningitis...gram positive |
| strep pneumoniae are..with the.. | .ungroupable...lancefield system |
| strep pneumoniae can either be | alpha hemolytic (aerobic) or beta (anaerobic_ |
| strep pneumoniae are...in the... | normal pharyngeal microbiota...throat |
| strep pneumoniae are sensitive to.. | optochin |
| virulence factors for strep pneumoniae include | capsule,protein adhesin, secretory iga protease, penumolysin |
| the strep pneu capsule allows bacteria to | evade immune system |
| protein adhesin for strep pneu allows for | attachment to epithelial cells |
| secretory iga for strep pneumoniae destroys | iga |
| penumolysin does what | lyses cytoplasmic membranes of epithelial cells |
| strep pneumoniae pathogensis via | pneumococcal pneumonia |
| pneumococcal pneumonia causes | 85% of all cases of pneumonia |
| pneumo is usually a...after the.. | secondary infection..lungs are damaged by viral disease such as measles or inflluenza |
| for pneumo, the bacteria are | inhaled from the pharynx into the lungs and damage the alveoli |
| once bacteria damage the alveoli the..and... | leukocytes enter the damaged lung tissue...attack the bacteria |
| inflammatory mediators then invoke | clinical symptoms of high fever, severe shaking, chills, productive cough, bloody sputum and chest pain |
| strep pneumoniae can also cause | sinusitis and otitis media |
| with sinusitis and otitis media there is...that causes... | pus production and inflammation in the sinuses and middle ear...pressure and pain |
| sinusisitis occurs | in all ages |
| otitis media ismore common in | young children due to the shape of their eustachian tube which becomes wider and more vertical and makes infection less likely as children mature |
| strep pneumoniae also cause what three things... | bacteremia, endocarditis and meningitis |
| s pneumoniae enters the...through..to cause bacteremia and endocarditis | blood..lacerations in mouth (vigorous tooth brushing, chewing or dental procedures) |
| as with staphy, s pneumoniae can...thus causing... | colonize the lining of the heart ..endocarditis |
| pneumococcal meningitis happens when the | bacteria spread to the meninges via bacteremia |
| pneumococcal meningitis can occur during | sinusitis, otitis media, following head/neck surgery or through head trauma |
| mortality for meningitis is up to | 20 times that of meningitis caused by other microorganisms |
| strep faecalis is also called | group d strep or enteroccocus faecalis |
| strep faecalis is part of the | normal flora of GI tract in humans and animals |
| there are roughly | 10^7 strep faecalis per gram of feces |
| E faecalis is the...cause of... | 3rd leading...nosocomial infections |
| s faecalis causes...and is the nosocomial cause of... | uti...subacute endocarditis |
| e faecalis is part of the | mixed microbial infection following rupture of intestine (stab/gun wound, rupture of appendix) |
| enterococcus faecalis is extremely | hardy and can survive for week son environmental surfaces |
| e faecalis has become one of the...due to its... | most troublesome hospital pathogens...intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics and a remarkable capacity for developing resistance to others |
| vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) are one of the | most important nosocomial pathogens |
| a quarter of the...is made up of ..and w/i these regions are.. | enterococcus genome...mobile dna ...genes for vancomycin resistance and for virulence |
| because e faecalis has mobile dna there is the worry that | it can transfer its dna to other bacteria like staph aureus |
| compliance or...means... | adherence..the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice |
| it is estimated that...do not... | half of those for whom medicine is prescribed...take them correctly |
| lack of compliance results in | complications from chronic disease, formation of resistant infections and untreated psychiatric illness |
| go memorize the diagram | dont be lazy! |
Created by:
handrzej
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