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Human Evolution

Biology 10 - Human Evolution Test

QuestionAnswer
What was Darwins contribution to science? Developed a scientific theory of biological evolution
Darwins boat he used to travel to Galapagos Islands HMS Beagle
Darwins book and when written? "Origin of species" and 1895
What 3 patterns of biodiversity did Darwin note? species vary globally, vary locally, vary over time
What are fossils? preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms
Lyell and Hutton are known for? concluded that the Earth was extrememly old
What is uniformitarianism? says the geological processes we see in action today must be the same ones that shaped Earth millions of years ago
What is Lamarck known for? said that organisms could change during their lifetime by using and not using parts of their body, also said that idividuals could pass these acquired traits to their offspring (turned out to be wrong)
What is Malthus known for? said that if human population grew unchecked, there wouldn't be enough living space and food for everyone
What is artificial selection? nature provides the variations and human slecet those they find useful
What is natural selection? organisms that are most suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully
What is adaptations? heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment
How does geographic distribution of species today relate to their evolutionary history? patterns in the distribution of living and fossil species tell us how modern organisms evolved from their ancestors
What are homologous structures? structures may not look alike, but share certain characteristics
What are vestigial structures? bodily sturctures that have no use
What are analagous structures? structures in common but not common in function
How is evolution defined in genetic terms? involves a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time
What is a gene pool? consists of all genes, including different alleles for each gene, that are in the present population
What is genetic drift? random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurences that cause an allele to become more or less common in a population
What is a genetic bottleneck effect? the change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population - can affect genetic diversity
What types of isolation lead to the formation of a new species? When populations become reproductively isolated, they can evolve into 2 separate species.
What is speciation? the process of forming a new species
What is behavioral isolation? 2 populations develop differences in courtship rituals that prevent them from breeding
What is geographic isolation? 2 populations develop are separated by geographic barriers (rivers, mountains) leading to the formation of two separate subspecies(Abert's and Kaibab squirrels in the Grand Canyon)
What is relative dating? determining whether fossils are older or younger based on where they are burried in the Earth
What is radiometric dating? using a proporation of radioactive to stable isotops to calculate the age of a sample
What is half-life? the time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
What are index fossils? distinctive fossils used to establish and compare the relative ages of rock layers and the fossils they contain
What is gradualism? the evolution of a species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long periods of time
What is punctuated equilibrium? pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
What is convergent evolution? process by which UNRELATED organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments (animals like the anteater and aardvark that feed on ants and have developed a long snout)
What is coevolution? 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time (flowers and bees)
What is a theory? a well tested explanation that unites different observations,hypotheses, and facts
What is a fact? knowledge or information based on real occurrences
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