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biology midterm
review for bio 0100 review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the best type of graph to visualize two sets of data? | Bar graph |
| What is the purpose of a scatter plot? | to examine characteristics of a single group of data |
| What is a regression line? | the regression line is the line to further analyze data & produce a model from your data. It's your "best fit" |
| which axis is the independent variable on? | X axis |
| which axis is the dependent variable on? | Y axis |
| what particles comprise the nucleus of an atom? | electrons & protons |
| the number of electrons and number of protons determines what of the atom? | what element is comprises or 'makes' |
| electrons are found in what? | electrons are found in the orbitals |
| what are the electrons denominations? | S orbitals, P suborbitals, D suborbitals, & f suborbitals. |
| the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms is called what? | covalent bond |
| what is electronegativity? | when a molecule wants electrons to fullfill its octet rule and is drawn to electropositive molecules |
| the equal sharing of electrons across a bond produces what? | ionic bond (non-polar) |
| the unequal sharing of electrons? | polar bond |
| a proton shared by an electronegative atom and another is called what? | hydrogen bond |
| why is water able to dissolve ionic and polar compounds? | the polarity of water allows the molecule to surround, or solvate other polar or ionic compounds called the caging effect |
| what are the differences between ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides? | the ribo-has the acetyl oxy group -OH while the deoxyribo is missing one. |
| what is the basic structure of a fatty acid (lipid)? | long chain hydrocarbon tail attached to a carboxylic head |
| carbohydrates are best described as? | either 6 or 5 carbon chains w/ hydroxl groups. major source of energy, & can autocirculurize |
| multiple amino acids linked together produce what? | proteins |
| what are the five properties of life? | Metazons, Protazons,Must maintain homeostasis, organisms produce energy from outside, reproduction. |
| describe metazons. | metazons are multiple celled organisms, like humans, animals, and plants |
| describe protazons. | protazons are single celled organisms like bacteria and archea. |
| describe homeostasis. | must keep inside in and outside out. the cell must regulater what come in or out to survive. |
| describe production of energy from outside. | the sun is the beggining of the food chain, pants use the sun for energy. animals eat plant or other animals that eat plants. |
| how do metazons & protazons reproduce? | protazons by binary fision, & metazons by miosis/mytosis |
| what are the four fundamental theorys of biology? | cellular theory, gene theory, heredity theory, & phylogeny/ evolution theory. |
| describe cellular theory. | cells basic unit/structure of anything living maintaining homeostasis |
| describe gene theory. | one gene, one protein. |
| describe heredity theory. | passage of traits making up physical characteristics |
| describe phylogeny & evolution theory. | random & rare mutation the may or may not be benificial to the cell or organisms, if it is benificial then that organism will survive and pass it on. |
| what are fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes: lack a nucleus, no specialized organelles, reproduce by binary fision, mRNA are ploycistronic (intronless) Eukaryotes: complex nucleus, specialized organelles, reproduce by myosis/ mitosis, mRNA is monocistronic (introns & exons) |
| prokaryotes are broken into two kingdoms. what are they? | Bacteria & Archea |
| what are the differences between the two prokaryotic kingdoms? | archea DNA packed w/ histone & RNA polymerase is very similar to eukaryotes |
| what is a glycerphospholipid? | the membrane the surrounds the cell. |
| what is the structure of a glycerphospholipid? | carbon chain w/ OH groups and a phosphate group and fatty acetyl tails the phosphte and carbon group is hydrophillic while the tails are hydrophobic. |
| how is the lipid bilayer formed? | if in an water enviroment the glycarphospholipids spontaneously form micelles which then multiple micelles surround the cell with the hydrophillic heads facing the two water enviroments (the extracellur space & the cytosol) & tails are away from water. |
| what are membrane transporters? | proteins that transport different molecules in or out of the cell to maintain homeostasis |
| what types of membrane transporters are there? | uniporters, symporters, antiporters. |
| intracellular compartments are called what? | organelles |
| what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? | smooth & rough |
| what is the purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | storage sit for Ca2 or calcium & lipid phopholipid production of membranes. |
| what is the purpose of rough endoplasmic reticulum? | consists of cisternae w/ ribosomes attached to the cytoslic side of the membrane. |
| what does the golgi system do? | responsible for the proper sorting of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum, exocytosis, & endocytosis. |
| what is exocytosis? | proteins modified for release into the extracellular space. |
| what endocytosis? | directs molecules to come into the cytosol |
| what is cytoskeleton? | 'skeleton of the cell' gives it it's shape. |
| what are actin filaments | gives cells their motilty allowing them to 'crawl' along |
| what are microtubules? | allows for transport along the cell. the 'railroad tracks' of the cell. plays a big part in flagella and cillia |
| what are intermediate filaments? | laminin & keratin- hold skin together |
| what are the components of the nuclear envelope? | -double phospholipid bilayer underlined with the intermediate filament laminin. -exterior of envelope bound by many ribosomes -nuclear pore is multiple proteins working together. -pores import&export proteins. |
| how are molecules transported in and out of the nucleus? | nuclear pores |
| what is heterochromatin? | inactive, tightly condensed around histones bound to interior of envelope. |
| what is euchromatin? | active transcription of genes, lightly condensed around histones |
| what occurs in the nucleolus? | site of highly active ribosomal RNA transcription & beginning point of ribosome assembly. |
| what is the basic structure of DNA? | anti-parallel polymers of necleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. |
| which nucleotides form based pairs in DNA? | Adenine always with Thymine & Cytosine always with Guanine |
| why does A always bind to T and C to G? | because of the hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines A&T always form 2 hydrogen bonds and C&G always form 3 hydrogen bonds |
| DNA strands are wrapped around what to shorten their length? | hitones |
| In what direction are the nucleotides added to a growing strand? why? | 5'(prime) to 3'(prime) because of the hydrogen bonding and having to be antiparallel to each other cause the 5' to 3' |
| what are the replication steps on the leading strand? | 1)histones are removed 2)DNA helicase unwinds strands & RNA primase adds a primer 3)DNa polermerase III binds to primer and then sequentially adds nucleotides |
| what are the repliction steps for the lagging strand? | 1)RNA primers are added randomly along strand by RNA primase. 2)DNA polymeraseIII binds to primers and fills in gaps forming okazaki fragments 3) DNA polymeraseI removes RNA primers& replaces w/nucleotides 4)DNA ligase binds okazaki frag. and primed sites |
| segments of DNA whose nucleotide sequence codes for a proteins are called what? | gene |
| what is a promoter? | contains multiple bindind sites for multiple transcription factors. |
| what are transcription factors? | turn gene on or off after binding to promoter |
| What protein complex produces the initial RNA transcript? what direction does it work? | RNA polymerase working 5' to 3' |
| what regions are found in the initial RNA transcript? how does this differ from prokaryotes? | introns & exons (monocistronic) and prokaryotes are polycistronic. |
| what are snRNPs? | proteins the splice out the introns leaving just the exons. |
| what is the final structure of mRNA? | after introns arfe spliced out it just leaves the exons. a cap is added to the 5' end the signals transport and a -AAAAAAAAA tail at the end |
| what are histone subunits? | scans the mRNA sequence 5' to 3' untikl start codon is found and ends when stop codon is found. |
| what do histone subunit bind? | they bind mRNA to their codons |
| after binding the histone subunits initiate translation how? | once AUG codon is found the ribosom stalls w/ the start codon at the A site and waits for the tRNA for the matching amino acid sequence. |
| what is tRNA (transfer RNA)? | transports amino acids to the ribosomes w/ the mRNA codons |
| what are codons? | codons are the sequence of 3 ribonucleotides that correspond to a particular amino acid |
| how do codons correlate w/ amino acids? | a certain codon code for a particular amino acid |
| after translation the protein folding can be assisted by what? | chaperones |
| what are four structural levels of proteins? | 1) primary 2)secondary 3)tertiary 4)quaternary |
| how is the primary structure of proteins formed? | the actual amino acid sequence |
| how is the secondary structure is proteins formed? | reaction between motifs form the alpha helix stucture. bonding of ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |
| how is the tertiary structure of proteins formed? | interaction between the motifs and the bonding forms the tertiary structure. |
| how is the quaternary structure of proteins formed? | multiple bondind, interactions, and multiple folding of polypeptide chains bind together. |
| protein enzymes act as what to coordinate and speed up reactions? | catalysts |
| the reaction performed by the protein occurs where in its overall structure? | active site |
| what is meant by feedback inhibtion? | when reactions of proteins can be regulated by the same or different proteins |
| where in the cell does glycolysis occur? | mitochondrial matrix |
| what compound enters into the glycolytic pathway? | ATP |
| what are the final products of glycolysis? | 1 ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2, & 2 CO2 |
| what are NAD & FAD | electron carriers |
| what is pyruvate transformed into under anaerobic conditions? | lactic acid & ethanol |
| what is pyruvate trnasformed into under aerobic conditions? | acetyl co-enzyme A |
| what are the structures of the mitorchondria? | - outer membrane, -inner membrane (folded into cristae), -& the matrix |
| where in the mitochondria does the krebs cycle occur? | the matrix |
| what are the final products of the krebs cycle | 2 ATP, 2 FADH = 3 ATP & 6 NADH = 15 ATP |
| the electron transport chain protein complexes are located where? | the lipid bilayer |
| what is transported and by whom in the first two steps of the ETC? | electrons are transported by NADH and FAD |
| three of the four protein complexes pump what into where? | protons into the intermembrane space |
| the final electron acceptor is what? to produce what? | o2 to produce h2o |
| what drives ATP synthase? | the proton gradient |
| how many ATP molecules arfe produced per NADH? FADH2 | NADH=2.5 ATP, FADH2=1.5 ATP |
| in what organelle does photosynthesis occur? | chloroplasts found in the mesophlls |
| what molecules absorb photons? | all molecule absorb photons at different wave lengths |
| what occurs after the absorption of photons? | chloroplasts become excited and energy is transferred between chlorophyll molecules until passed to protein complexes |
| what is the electron donator in photosynthesis? | NAPH |
| what is pumped where by the second protein complex? | protons into the thylakoid space. |
| how is ATP produced by the Electron transport system? how much? | make a proton gradient allowing ATP to be produced |
| besides ATP, what else is produced by photosynthesis? | h2o, o2, NADPH, |
| what starting material enters into the calvin cycle? | CO2 |
| what protein catalyzes the first step to the calvin cycle? | rubisco |
| how many cycles does it take to produce one molecule of glucose from the calvin cycle? | 2 |
| How much ATP & NADPH is used in calvin cycle? is it ultimatly energetically favorable? | 18 ATP is used 12 NADPH is used, it is ultimatly favorable because it has a net production of 9ATP |
| photosynthesis is halted by what process? | photorespiration |
| how does photorespiration occur? | o2 binds to rubisco |
Created by:
jwamsley
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