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DNA/ProteinSynthesis
DNA & Protein Synthesis Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; the nucleic acid that carries instructions for making proteins |
| double helix | a twisted ladder; describes the structure of DNA |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of DNA and RNA; composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
| genetic code | information carried from generation to generation by DNA |
| RNA | the nucleic acid responsible for building proteins |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; carries information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; carries the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; helps to assemble the amino acids into proteins |
| adenine | a nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; abbreviated A |
| thymine | a nitrogen base found only in DNA; abbreviated T |
| guanine | a nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; abbreviated G |
| cytosine | a nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; abbreviated C |
| uracil | a nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; abbreviated U |
| deoxyribose | the sugar that helps make up the nucleotides of DNA |
| ribose | the sugar that makes up the nucleotides of RNA |
| codon | found on mRNA; a 3 letter code that determines the amino acids that will make up a protein |
| anticodon | found on tRNA; a 3 letter complement to the codon that allows the amino acids to bond in the correct sequence |
| mutation | a mistake or change in the DNA sequence; can be harmful or beneficial |
| recombination | the process by which genetic material is broken and joined to other genetic material |
| insertion | a type of mutation in which a base is added to a DNA sequence |
| deletion | a type of mutation in which a base is removed from a DNA sequence |
| chromosomal mutations | a type of mutation that involves all or part of a chromosome being changed |
| replication | the process of creating an exact copy of DNA |
| transcription | occurs in the nucleus; the process of creating mRNA from DNA |
| translation | occurs in the cytoplasm; the process of creating a protein from mRNA |
| complementary strand of DNA | strand of DNA that matches the original strand |
| cloning | process of producing populations of genetically identical individuals |
| Human Genome Project | scientific research project - goal to determine exact sequence of base pairs in DNA and "map" 20-25,000 genes in human beings |
| genetic engineering | manipulation of genes to achieve desired traits in individuals |
| forensic identification | type of mutation which a base is removed from DNA |
| Watson & Crick | scientists - discovered DNA's 3D structure was a double helix |
| Franklin | scientist - took picture of DNA using x-ray diffraction |
| Chargoff | scientist - discovered that adenine and thymine occured in equal amounts (+ cytosine and guanine) |
Created by:
ehurley
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