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Embryo_Kaplan
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the maternal component of the placenta? | Decidua basalis |
| What is the fetal component of the placenta? | cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast |
| Mandibular dysostosis (abnormally formed mandible, ears, and palate) is due to abnormal development of which pharyngeal arches? | 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches |
| The stomach (including the pylorus) is derived from which part of the primitive gut and what is its blood supply? | foregut - celiac artery |
| What is the failure of recanalization of part of the embryonic gut? | duodenal atresia |
| What contains all 3 germ layers? | teratomas - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| Where are the 3 germ layers derived from? | primitive streak |
| What gives rise to early neural cells called "glioblasts"? | neuroepithelial cells |
| Glioblasts give rise to what kind of cells? | neuroglial cells including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes |
| PDA shunts blood from where to where? | left pulmonary artery to aorta |
| What does the thyroid diverticulum develop into? | thyroid gland |
| Where does the thyroid diverticulum form? | midline near foramen cecum |
| What is the congenital displacement of urethral opening onto ventral surface of the penis? | hypospadias |
| Hypospadias is due to what? | malformation of urethral groove and canal |
| Hypospadias are associated with what? | increased frequency of UTI and sterility |
| Blood in the umbilical vein is how much saturated with O2? | 80% |
| What are the 3 important shunts of the fetal circulation? | ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus |
| How does blood bypass hepatic circulation? | ductus venosus into IVC |
| Where is most oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC diverted through? | foramen ovale |
| Where is deoxygenated blood from the SVC expelled into? | pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus to the lower body of the fetus |
| How does the ductus arteriosus close? | inc O2 leads to dec PG |
| What helps close the PDA? | indomethacin |
| What helps keep the PDA open? | prostaglandins |
| The umbilical arteries become what postnatally? | medial umbilical ligaments |
| The allantois becomes what postnatally? | urachus -> median umbilical ligaments |
| What is the part of the allantoic duct btwn the bladder and umbilicus? | urachus |
| What is the 1st aortic arch derivative? | part of MAXillary artery (branch of external carotid) - 1st arch is MAXimal |
| What is the 2nd aortic arch derivatives? | Stapedial artery and hyoid artery - Second = Stapedial |
| What is the 3rd aortic arch derivatives? | common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery - C is 3rd letter of alphabet |
| What is the 4th aortic arch derivative on left? | aortic arch (4 limbs = systemic) |
| What is the 4th aortic arch derivative on right? | proximal part of right subclavian artery (4 limbs = systemic) |
| What is the 6th aortic arch derivative? | proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus (pulmonary and pulmonary-to-systemic shunt - ductus arteriosus) |
| What does the telencephalon develop into? | cerebral hemispheres (walls), lateral ventricles (cavities) |
| What does the diencephalon develop into? | thalami (walls), 3rd ventricle (cavities) |
| What does the mesencephalon develop into? | midbrain (walls), aqueduct (cavities) |
| What does the metencephalon develop into? | pons and cerebellum (walls), aqueduct and 4th ventricle (cavities) |
| What does the myelencephalon develop into? | medulla (walls), 4th ventricle (cavities) |
| What is associated with low folic acid intake during pregnancy? | neural tube defects |
| Failure of bony spinal canal to close, but no structural herniation describes which defect? | spina bifida occulta |
| Where is spina bifida occulta usually seen? | lower vertebral levels |
| Which part is intact in spina bifida occulta? | dura |
| Meninges herniate through the spinal canal defect describes what? | meningocele |
| Meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect describes what? | myelomeningocele |
| Neonate born with no brain/calvarium with only a medulla describes what? | anencephaly |
| Anencephaly is malformation of what? | anterior end of neural tube |
| Which NTD does not have an increase in AFP? | spina bifida occulta |
| Patient with decreased separation of hemisheres across midline. Diagnosis? | holoprosencephaly |
| Holoprosencephaly is associated with which syndromes? | Patau's syndrome and severe fetal alcohol syndrome |
| Spina bifida, meningocele, and meningomyelocele are malformations of what? | posterior end of neural tube |
| Syringomyelia is associated with what? | chiari II malformation |
| Cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly describes what? | chiari type II |
| Chiari II often presents with what? | syringomyelia, thoracolumbar myelomeningocele |
| Which location is syringomyelia most common at? | c8-t1 |
| What is the branchial apparatus composed of? | branchial clefts, arches, and pouches |
| Name the branchial apparatus from outside to inside? | CAP - Clefts = ectoderm, Arches = mesoderm, Pouches = endoderm |
| Branchial arch 1 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerves? | CN V2 and V3 |
| Branchial arch 2 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerves? | CN 7 |
| Branchial arch 3 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerves? | CN 9 |
| Branchial arch 4 and 6 derivatives are supplied by which cranial nerves? | CN 10 |
| Out of CN V2, V3, VII, IX, and X, which are all sensory and motor, which is the only one that is sensory? | CN V2 |
| Which action is associated with arch 1 derivative? | chewing |
| Which action is associated with arch 2 derivative? | facial expression |
| Which action is associated with arch 3 derivative? | stylopharyngeus |
| Which action is associated with arch 4 derivative? | swallowing |
| Which action is associated with arch 6 derivative? | speaking |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 1 derivatives are meckle's composed of? | mandible, malleus, incus, sphenomandibular ligament |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 1 derivatives are the muscles composed of? | muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, anterior 2/3 of tongue |
| What syndrome is associated with Branchial arch 1 derivatives? | Treacher Collins syndrome - 1st-arch neural crest fails to migrate -> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 2 derivatives are reichert's cartilage composed of? | stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 2 derivatives are the muscles composed of? | muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 3 derivatives is the cartilage composed of? | greater horn of hyoid |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 3 derivatives is the muscle composed of? | stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nerve) |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 3 derivatives is associated with which syndrome? | congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula - persistence of cleft and pouch -> fistula btwn tonsillar area, cleft in lateral neck |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 4-6 derivatives are the cartilages composed of? | thyroid, cricoid, arytenois, corniculate, cuneiform |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 4-6 derivatives are the 4th arch muscles composed of? | most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini |
| What branchial (pharyngeal) arch 4-6 derivatives are the 6th arch muscles composed of? | all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid |
| What nerve branch is associated with branchial arch 4 derivatives? | CN 10 - superior laryngeal branch - swallowing |
| What nerve branch is associated with branchial arch 6 derivatives? | CN 10 - recurrent laryngeal branch - speaking |
| Branchial arches 3 and 4 form which part of the tongue? | posterior 1/3 of tongue |
| 1st branchial cleft develops into what? | external auditory meatus |
| 2nd through 4th branchial clefts develops into what? | temporary cervical sinuses |
| What are the temporary cervical sinuses obliterated by? | proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme |
| What causes a persistent cervical sinus? | branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck |
| The 1st branchial pouch develops into what? | middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells |
| The 2nd branchial pouch develops into what? | epithelial lining of palatine tonsil |
| The 3rd branchial pouch (dorsal wings) develops into what? | inferior parathyroids |
| The 3rd branchial pouch (ventral wings) develops into what? | thymus |
| The 4th branchial pouch (dorsal wings) develops into what? | superior parathyroids |
| What does the 1st branchial pouch contribute to? | endoderm-lined structures of ear |
| What does the 3rd branchial pouch contribute to? | 3 structures (thymus, left and right inferior parathyroids) |
| Where do the 3rd branchial pouch structures end up? | below 4th branchial pouch structures |
| What occurs in the aberrant development of 3rd and 4th branchial pouches? | DiGeorge syndrome |
| What does DiGeorge syndrome lead to? | T-cell deficiency (thymic aplasia) and hypocalcemia (failure of parathyroid development) |
| In ear development, the 1st branchial arch develops into which bones? | malleus/incus |
| In ear development, the 1st branchial arch develops into which muscles (innervation)? | tensor tyMpani (V3) |
| In ear development, the 2nd branchial arch develops into which bones? | stapes |
| In ear development, the 2nd branchial arch develops into which muscles? | stapedius (VII) |
| In ear development, the 1st branchial cleft develops into what? | external auditory meatus |
| In ear development, the 1st branchial membrane develops into what? | tympanic membrane |
| In ear development, the 1st branchial pouch develops into what? | eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, mastoid air cells |
| What is the origin that is infected in otitis media? | 1st branchial pouch (eustachian tube, middle ear cavity, mastoid air cells) |
| What is the origin of development of the posterior 1/3 tongue? | 3rd and 4th branchial arches |
| What is the CN that provides taste and sensation to the posterior 1/3 tongue in the area closer to the foramen cecum? | CN 9 |
| What is the CN that provides taste and sensation to the posterior 1/3 tongue in the area in the extreme posterior? | CN 10 |
| What is the origin of development of the anterior 2/3 tongue? | 1st branchial arch |
| What is the CN that provides sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? | CN V3 |
| What is the CN that provides taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? | CN 7 |
| What is the CN that provides motor innervation to the tongue? | CN 12 |
| What is the CN that provides pain to the tongue? | CN V3, IX, X |
| What is the CN that provides taste to the tongue? | CN 7,9,10 (solitary nucleus) |
| What arises from the floor of the primitive pharynx, descends into the neck? | thyroid diverticulum |
| The thyroid diverticulum is connected to the tongue by what? | thyroglossal duct |
| What is a normal remnant of the thyroglossal duct? | foramen cecum |
| What is the MC ectopid thyroid tissue site? | tongue |
| What occurs in the midline neck and will move with swallowing? | thyroglossal duct cyst |
| Cleft lip is failure of fusion of what? | maxillary and medial nasal processes |
| What is associated with formation of primary palate? | cleft lip |
| Cleft palate is failure of fusion of what? | lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or median palatine process |
| What is associated with formation of secondary palate? | cleft palate |
| The diaphragm is derived from what? | (Several Parts Build Diaphragm) 1. septum transversum 2. pleuroperitoneal folds 3. body wall 4. dorsal mesentery of esophagus |
| What does the septum transversum develop into? | central tendon |
| What does the dorsal mesentery of esophagus develop into? | crura |
| What is the innervation of the diaphragm? | C3, 4, 5 |
| What are the embryonic origins of the GI tract? | foregut, midgut, hindgut |
| What does the foregut develop into? | pharynx to duodenum |
| What does the midgut develop into? | duodenum to transverse colon |
| What does the hindgut develop into? | distal transverse colon to rectum |
| What pathology results from the failure of lateral body folds to fuse? | gastroschisis |
| What happens to the abdominal contents in gastroschisis? | extrusion through abdominal folds |
| What pathology results from the persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord? | omphalocele |
| Patient is 2 weeks old who has been experiencing nonbilious projectile vomiting and has a palpable "olive" mass in the epigastric region. Diagnosis? | Congenital pyloric stenosis |
| What is congenital pyloric stenosis associated with? | Turner's and Edward's |
| What is the pancreas derived from? | foregut |
| What does the ventral pancreatic bud become? | pancreatic head, uncinate process (lower half of head), and main pancreatic duct |
| What does the dorsal pancreatic bud become? | everything else (body, tail, isthmus, and accessory pancreatic duct) |
| What is an annular pancreas? | ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum forming ring of pancreatic tissue that may narrow duodenum |
| What does the spleen arise from? | dorsal mesentery (hence mesodermal) |
| What is the arterial supply of the spleen? | artery of the foregut (celiac artery) |
| What embryologic part of the kidney develops in the 4th week then degenerates? | pronephros |
| What embryologic part of the kidney functions as the interim kidney for the 1st trimester? | mesonephros |
| What embryologic part of the kidney later contributes to the male genital system? | mesonephros |
| What embryologic part of the kidney develops into the permanent kidney? | metanephros |
| What embryologic part of the kidney develops into the kidney from the glomerulus to the DCT? | metanephros |
| What embryologic part of the kidney develops into the bladder, urethra, and allantois? | urogenital sinus |
| What embryologic part of the kidney is derived from the mesonephros and gives rise to the collecting duct, calyces, pelvises, and ureter? | ureteric bud |
| Patient has bilateral renal agenesis which will cause which syndrome? | potter's syndrome |
| What is the malformation in potter's syndrome? | ureteric bud |
| Where do the kidneys get trapped in horseshoe kidneys? | inferior mesenteric artery |
| What is the function of the kidneys in horseshoe kidneys? | normal |
| What is the default genital development? | female |
| What embryologic part degenerates and what part develops for the female genitalia to develop? | mesonephric duct degenerates and paramesonephric duct develops |
| What gene on the Y chromosome codes for the testis-determining factor? | SRY gene |
| What is secreted by the testes (sertoli cells) to suppress the development of the paramesonephric ducts? | mullerian inhibiting substance |
| What will cause the development of the mesonephric ducts? | increased androgens (Leydig cells) |
| What embryologic part develops into male internal structures? | mesonephric (wolffian) duct |
| What male internal structures does the mesonephric (wolffian) duct develop into? | SEED - seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, and ductus deferens |
| What does the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct develop into? | fallopian tube, uterus, and upper 1/3 of vagina |
| What embryologic part develops into the lower 2/3 of the vagina? | urogenital sinus |
| What results from fusion of the paramesonephric ducts? | bicornuate uterus |
| Bicornuate uterus is associated with what? | urinary tract abnormalities and infertility |
| The genital tubercle will develop into what? | penis (DHT) and clitoris (estrogen) |
| The genital tubercle will develop into what? | corpus spongiosum (DHT) and vestibular bulbs (estrogen) |
| The urogenital sinus will develop into what? | bulbourethral glands (of cowper) (DHT) and greater vestibular glands (of bartholin) (estrogen) |
| The urogenital sinus will develop into what? | prostate gland (DHT) and urethral and paraurethral glands (of skene) (estrogen) |
| The urogenital folds will develop into what? | ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) (DHT) and labia minora (estrogen) |
| The labioscrotal swelling will develop into what? | scrotum (DHT) and labia majora (estrogen) |
| Abnormal opening of the penile urethra on the inferior (ventral) side of the penis. Diagnosis? | hypospadias |
| Hypospadias are caused by what? | failure of urethral folds to close |
| Abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior (dorsal) side of penis. Diagnosis? | epispadias |
| Epispadias are due to what? | faulty positioning of genital tubercle |
| What is associated with epispadia? | exstrophy of bladder |
| Which is more common: hypospadias or epispadias? | hypospadias |
| Why should hypospadias be corrected? | prevent UTIs |
| The chorionic plate is made by whom? | fetus |
| The heritable mental retardation condition associated with chromosomal breakage is what? | fragile X syndrome |
| What does chronic ureteral reflux lead to? | scarring of renal parenchyma which leads to decrease in blood flow then increase RAAS then HTN then renal failure |
| Neuroblastoma is associated with which gene? | n-myc |
| What is the defect in achondroplasia? | cell-signaling defect involving fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 |
| Mutations in transcription factors such as homeoboxgenes produce what kind of abnormalities? | supernumerary ribs and digits |
Created by:
eandres1
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