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Ch 30- Ecosytems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ecology | Is the study of how organisms interact with their environment. |
| Abiotic | Nonliving features such as temperature, sunlight, rain, water, rocks. |
| Biotic | Living organisms like plants and animals. |
| Population | A group of individuals of a single species that live in a specific area. |
| Community | All the organisms that live within a given area. |
| Ecosystem | All the organisms that live within a given area and all the abiotic features of their environment. |
| Producer | Species that make organic molecules out of inorganic molecules and energy. They're usually plants. |
| Consumers | They get food by eating other organisms |
| Primary Consumers | Species that eat the producers. Usually herbivores such as rabbits or zebras. |
| Secondary Consumers | Species that eat the primary consumers. Usually lions, wolves, bears, or predatory birds. |
| Top Predator | Species that eat the secondary consumers. Usually are not eaten or killed by any other organisms. |
| Tertiary Consumer | Species that are similar to a top predator. they eat secondary consumers and are usually not killed or eaten by any other organisms. |
| Niche | The total set of all the biotic and abiotic resources it uses within a community. |
| When do two species in a community compete? | Whenever two species use the same resources, and that resource is limited. |
| Symbiosis | When individuals of separate species live in close association of one another. |
| Parisitism | A relationship that is good for one and not for the other. A tick and a human are a good example of this. |
| Commensalism | A relationship where it's good for one and has no effect on the other. The remora attaching to the shark is a good example of this. |
| Mutualism | A relationship that is good for both members. A shrimp cleaning an eel's teeth is a good example of this. |
| Biomass | The amount of biomass in an ecosystem. |
| How much energy gets transferred from 1 level of the food chain to another? | 10% |
| What happens to the percentage of energy not transferred from 1 level of the food chain to another? | It gets used for either maintenance(energy),or left in poo. |
| What is the energy pyramid? | It's the way the energy flows from one level of the food chain to another. Less and less energy gets transferred so it looks like a pyramid. |
| What happens anytime energy is transferred from one form to another(including during chemical reactions in living things)? | Some energy turns into heat. |
| Biomes | The 8 types of ecosystems. |
| What does the type of the biome depend on? | The climate- the temperature, rainfall, the presence or absences of seasons, and the latitude or the distance away from the equator. |
| Tropical Forests(or rain forests) | -200 to 400 cm's of rain per year -famous for biodiversity -more species in this biome than the others combined -tends to have poor soil tall trees being destroyed very quickly for its lumber and agriculture. -found in Brazil, India, Indonesia,and o |
| Temperate Forests | -4 distinct seasons, including a warm growing season and a cold winter -75-150 cm's of rain per year -trees are deciduous(leaves fall off) -soil is fertile and good for agriculture -being cut down for agriculture |
| Tundra | -Extreme cold and little precipitation -layer of permafrost(permanently frozen subsoil) -trees cannot survive -plants in tundra are: low shrubs,lichens, mosses, grasses, and flowers -low biodiversity |
| Savannas | -tropical grasslands with warm climate and a long dry season. -covered with grass and scattered trees -fires help the savanna maintain itself -w/out humans and elephants killing trees it would turn into a tropical forest - 75-100 cm's of rain per year |
| Temperate Grasslands | -4 distinct seasons w/ a hot summer and a cold winter -50-90 cm's of rain per year -fertile soil, good for agriculture. |
| Chaparrel | -mild, rainy winters and hot dry summers -during summers there are fires and drought -made up of small trees and shrubs with big root systems to help survive the drought. |
| Deserts | -Very little precipitation, less than 50 cm's -Antarctica is a cold desert -plants in deserts have large root systems to hold water during droughts -the soil is fertile. |
| Plankton | Organisms that float in the water, going wherever the current takes them. |
| Estuaries | Habitats where freshwater flows into oceans. Commonly characterized by mangroves. |
| Photic Zone | The zone of the ocean is closer to the ocean. It's close enough to complete photosynthesis. |
| Aphotic Zone | The zone of the ocean deeper than than the photic zone, where little to no sunlight reaches and photosynthesis cant be completed. Less organisms live in this zone. |
| Nekton | Aquatic organism that swim through the water, unlike plankton. |
| Intertidal Habitats | Oceanic habitats that are close to the shore |
| Biogeochemical Cycles | The movement between substances such as water, carbon, and nitrogen between the tissues of the living organisms and the abiotic world. |
| How does carbon enter the biotic world? | Through photosynthesis, and when other producers use C02 to make glucose. |
| Ecological Succesion | Describes how the community of species living in an ecosystem changes over time. |
| Primary Succesion | The colonization of bare land with no soil. This usually occurs after a volcanic eruption or when melting glaciers reveal bare rock |
| Secondary Succesion | Occurs when a habitat is destroyed but bare soil remains. This usually occurs after a fire. |
| Climax Community | This occurs after primary or secondary succession, when a habitat is completely regrown and relatively stable. |
| Population Density | The number of organisms per unit area. |
| What 4 factors determine how population size changes over time? | -the birth rate -the death rate -the rate of immigration into the population and the rate of emigration out of the population. |
| Exponential Growth | When a population grows at a fixed rate per amount of time. It usually occurs when the resources are unlimited or very plentiful. But eventually the population runs out of resources and crashes. |
| Logistic Growth | When a populations growth slows as it reaches its carrying capacity. It is often seen in stable habitats. |
| Carrying Capacity | The maximum number of individuals or maximum population density a habitat can support. |
| When do scientists expect the human population to peak? And at how much? | Scientist expect it to peak at about 10 billion soon after 2050. |
| Age Structure | The distribution of peoples age within the population. |
| Decomposer | An organism that obtains its energy by eating dead organic matter. A good example would be a mushroom or a fungi. |
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LexiGold99
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