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Immunology
Bacteria, Viruses, Infection and response
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Name 6 structures specific to Bacteria: | Flagellum, Plasmids, Circular DNA, Capsules (mucus), Peptidogylcan Cell Wall (Gram Staining depends on exposure of this), Mesosomes. |
| Name the structures that make up a common virus (such as HIV). | Caspid protein shell (one protein to reduce complexity and increase ease of replication), Nucleic Acid (DNA or Viral RNA), Proteins (Reverse Transcriptase), Envelope taken from previous host cell. |
| Name three beneficial roles of Bacteria: | They are vital in cycles of Nitrogen and Carbon (Saprotrophic Bacteria), they help to protect organisms from infect by out competing Pathogens, they help break down food into basic nutrients. |
| What are the two types of Toxins? | Exotoxins and Endotoxins. |
| Exotoxins | Produced from Plasmid DNA and are proteins, they can cause cell death, act as competitors to neurotransmitters and many other negative effects. |
| Endotoxins: | They are present on the surface of the bacterias Peptidoglycan cell wall. |
| List 4 ways pathogens may enter the body: | Entry through broken Skin, Entry through contaminated Food, entry through the respiratory system (breathed in) and entry through the open mucosal areas (mouth, Nose, Genitals). |
| List 4 features of the First Line of Defense against infection: | Skin and Mucus Membranes (Physical Barriers), Gut and Skin Flora (Helpful Bacteria living in your gut and on your Skin out compete for resources and pathogens die), Stomach Acid, Lysozyme Action |
| Give 3 features of the Non-Specific Immune System: | Phagocytes engulfing pathogens/Antigens. The Inflammatory Response (Histamine). Interferon Produced by Viurally infected cells. |
| Describe Phagocytosis: | Phagocytes (Neutriphiles and Macrophages) dected and bind to a pathogen, they then begin to surround (engulf) the pathogen using its cell membrane. The pathogen is now inside the phagocyte inside a Phagosome which Lysosomes now bind to and release enzymes |
| Describe the Inflammatory Response: | When damage occurs to Mast cells and White blood cells (such as when a cut or destruction from a pathogen occurs), the release histamine which cause Vasodilation and increases permeability of the capillaries, this increases blood flow to the infected area |
| Describe the role of Interferon: | These are produced when a cell is hijacked by a virus and then destroyed. It inhibits viral activity by inhibiting viral DNA/RNA being translated by protein synthesis. They also activate parts of the specific immune system. |
| How do cells identify each other: | Through the complex of Gylcoproteins/lipids on the cell surface membrane called MHC (Major Histocompatibility complexes). These bind to white blood cells in the body and, if correct, they are recognised as self. |
| Name the two types of Specific Immune Response: | Humoral (when the infection is not in the cells but the tissue fluid, the Humorous). The Cell Mediated - When the infection is in the cells. |
| The Humoral Response Involves: | B-cells mainly, with activation from T-Helpers Cells. T-Helper cells activate the B-Cells which divide into either Plasma Cells or B-Memory cells for long term immunity. |
| The Cell Emdiated Response involves: | T-Cells, T-Killer cells activating and dividing into either more active T-Killer cells or T-Memory Cells. |
| T-Helper Cells become activated when: | These are activated when an Antigen Presenting Cell (Such as an infected Cell, a Macrophage that has engulfed a pathogen or a B-Cell which has bound itself to a pathogen) binds to its CD-4 receptor. |
| T-Helper Cells, after binding of antigen to CD-4 receptor: | They now begin to release Cytokines to activate Macrophages and B-Cells. They also begin to divide into T-Killer Cells or T-Memory Cells. |
| How does a B-cell become active? | They can become active through the Cytokine produced by T-Helper cells, they also engulf a pathogen and then parts of its antigens will bind with its MHC to become an antigen presenting cell. |
| When a B-Cell becomes activated it: | Begins to divide into Plasma Cells, which are packed with Rough ER to mass produce Antibodies (proteins) to help disable the pathogens |
| How do Antibodies help overcome infections? | They have a specific shape to bind to a specific antigen, they help by inhibiting movement, inhibiting infection ability and by helping clump pathogens together to allow for easier phagocytosis by Phagocytes. |
| What do T-Memory and B-Memory cells do: | They are long lasting memory cells with a specific antigen receptor, they remain in the body for a long period to allow for a very quick Secondary Response. |
| What is a primary response: | The immune response the first time a pathogen infects the body. Usually slow as the body has to produce the correct cells. |
| Name the four types of Immunity: | Active Natural, Active Artificial, Passive Natural and Passive Artificial. |
| Active Natural Immunity: | This is the type of Immunity gained from having an infection and producing your own antibodies from it, leaving T- and B-Memory cells to produce a fast secondary response. |
| Active Artificial Immunity: | This type of immunity is produced from receiving an vaccination by the infection of either dead bacteria, attunated bacteria or part of a antigen. This causes an Immune response, but no symptoms of infection. |
| Passive Natural: | This is when antibodies and memory cells are obtained from the mother in vitro or through breast milk. |
| Passive Artificial: | The injecting of Antibodies directly into the blood to help fight infection (Antibiotics). |
| Why is Vaccination useful: | It can not only help prevent an individual from becoming sick, it can help erradicate entire diseases from the population, increasing productivity of a species and also decreasing the strain it puts on society. |
| What is the name of the Bacterium which causes TB? | Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. |
| What special feature of MTB allows it to evade the immune System (evolutionary Race!) | It has a waxy, heavily lipid content in its cell wall, which prevents the binding of Lysosomes to it when it is engulfed by Macrophages. |
| Describe an infection cycle of TB: | TB infects the lungs, Macrophages become infect but the immune system controls it by developing tissues masses called Tubercules, if the person is strong, infection is overcome but if they are weak the infection overcomes the immune system. |
| Describe how TB is spread: | When the TB becomes active (through the process of the strongest, most well adapted bacteria surviving), the bacteria will attack the cells in lungs, coughing will occur and bactrium will get into air, infecting others. |
Created by:
mjwilson1988
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