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Evolution mrs.hamman
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | The change of groups of living things over time. |
| Evolution is the process of | biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors |
| Evolution results from | genetic changes that are inherited |
| Is evolution a fact or a theory? | BOTH |
| Why isn't evolution a law though? | Because theories don't develop into laws with just evidence |
| Difference between a law and a theory? | Laws describe a phenomena, and theories explain them. |
| Who proposed all living things were descended form a common ancestor | Erasmus Darwin |
| Proposed all organisms evolved toward perfection and complexity. The changes in an environment cause an organism's behavior to change causing a greater use and disuse of structures. Then the traits are be passed onto offspring or inherited acquired traits | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
| Proposed a system of organization for plants and animals based on similarities. He proposes organisms change over time through hybridization: crossing of different organisms | Carolus Linnaeus |
| Who proposed the idea of Catastrophism? | Curier |
| Who proposed the idea of Gradualism? | Hutton |
| Who proposed the idea of Uniformitarianism? | Lyell |
| What is variation? | Differences in physical traits of individuals |
| What is an adaptation? | any feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment |
| what does adaptation lead to? | genetic changes in population over time |
| Darwin found fossil and geologic evidence supporting an ancient Earth. These observations support ____'s theory that daily ____ processes can add up to great ____ over a long period of time | Lyell; geological; change; time |
| Artificial Selection is the process by which humans _____ a species by ________ it for certain ______ | change; breeding; traits |
| in order for natural or artificial selection to occur, a trait must be ________. | inheritable |
| An example of artificial selection is | dog breeding |
| What is catastrophism? | Natural disasters that have happened through Earth's history. These disasters changed landforms and caused species to become extinct |
| What is gradualism? | Landform changes result from slow changes over a long period of time |
| What is uniformitarianism? | geologic processes that shape Earth are uniform over time, or many small changes have happened many times |
| Struggle for survival states that ____ are limited and organisms have more _____ than could ever ____ | resources; offspring; survive |
| Who had the idea that resources are scarce and organisms have more offspring than could ever survive? | Maltius |
| What is natural selection? | It explains how evolution can occur. The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
| Variation? | inherited differences existing between every population |
| Overproduction? | more organisms are born than the environment can hold. This leads to competition. |
| Adaptation? | some variations allow for increased chances of survival |
| Descent with Modification | overtime, natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are well suited for survival and reproduction in a specific environment |
| What is evolutionary fitness? | measure of an individual's ability to survive and produce offspring |
| What are fossils? | any evidence that an organism lived long ago |
| Examples of fossils: | Bones, Petrified parts/ evidence, amber preservation, imprints, molds, markings |
| The study of fossils or extinct organisms is called ______. | paleontology |
| What are different environments that favor different traits? | |
| What is the study of looking at the early stages of different organisms in order to find common ancestors? | embryology |
| homologous structures- | similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions. This offers evidence of a common ancestor |
| analogous structures- | structures that perform similar functions but are not similar in origin (i.e. butterfly's wings and a bird's wings) |
| What are remnants of organs/structures that had a different function in an early ancestor? | vestigial structures |
| What is evolution rooted in? | Genetics |
| What does evolution unite? | It unites all fields of biology |
| Genetic variation is stored in a population's ____? | gene pool |
| What's a gene pool? | the combined alleles of all of the individuals in a population |
| What is allele frequency? | the measure of how common a certain allele is in the population |
| What two main sources does genetic variation come from? | Mutation and Recombination |
| Mutation is | any change in the DNA |
| How does mutation lead to genetic variation? | It can lead to new alleles which leads to new proteins which leads to variation in traits |
| Recombination is | |
| How does recombination lead to genetic variation? | it causes different combinations of genes in gametes which leads to potential variation in offspring |
| This type of selection favors phenotypes at one extreme | Directional Selection |
| This type of selection favors an intermediate phenotype | Stabilizing Selection |
| This type of selection favors both extremes | Disruptive Selection |
| Small scale changes that occur within a single population | microevolution |
| Large scale changes that occur within a single population | macroevolution |
| How does a normal distribution look when graphed? | Bell-shaped curve |
| What is gene flow? | movement of alleles between populations |
| What does gene flow cause and what is an example? | It causes natural selection and an example is migration |
| What does gene flow do to the gene pool of the receiving population? | it increases genetic variation |
| T or F? A lack of gene flow increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species | True |
| What is the change in allele frequencies due to chance | Genetic drift |
| What are the effects of genetic drift? | It depends on the circumstance |
| What occurs when certain traits increase mating success? | sexual selection |
| What are two traits for intrasexual selection? | Chose within the same sex Competition involved |
| What are two traits for inter-sexual selection? | choice between different sexes mate choices |
| What are species? | members of the same population that can intrabreed and produce fertile offspring |
| What are closely related species that evolve in different directions, becoming increasingly different? | divergent evolution |
| What is evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species. (i.e. analogous structures) | convergent evolution |
| What are some ways to date fossils? | Relative dating and Radioactive Dating |
| What is Relative Dating? | estimating age based on the placement of fossils in layers of rock |
| What is Radioactive Dating? | using the natural decay rate of unstable isotopes found in materials to calculate the fossil's age |
| Radiometric dating has been used to determine the age of the Earth to be how old? | 4.6 billion years |
| What are the orders of the eras? | Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic |
| The Miller-Urey experiment was | they tested the hypothesis if the combination of energy from lighting and inorganic molecules made organic molecules. Their result was the formation of a variety of organic compounds and amino acids |
| Make a flowchart of the M-U experiment | Water -> Small inorganic molecules -> amino acids -> proteins and other organic compounds -> protocell -> prokaryotes (hetero.) -> prokaryotes (auto.) -> eukaryotes -> multicellular, complex life |
| What two groups were the hominid species classified into? | Australopithecus and Homo |
| What early hominid group may have existed alongside modern humans? | Homo neanderthalenis |
| What are the two subcategories after Primates in the Primate evolution? | prosimians and anthropoids |
| in a list of gorilla, modern human, and Australopithecus, where would Australopithecus lie in the complexity? | in the middle between gorilla (least complex) and modern human( most complex) |
| What are cladograms? | Diagrams that show evolutionary relationships between different groups of organisms |
| how do you write HOMO SAPIENS scientifically? | Homo sapiens (underlined or italicized) |
| Who divided organisms into plants and animals? | Aristotle |
| Who grouped organisms based on structure? | Linnaeus |
| What is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms | Taxonomy |
| The grouping of objects/information based on similarities is... | Classification |
| The 2-word classification system is called... | Binomial Nomenclature |
| 1st word is the... | genus |
| 2nd word is the... | species |
| What are the seven taxonomic categories? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dumb Kids Playing Catch On the Freeway Get Smashed) |
| Which taxon is the most specific? | Species |
| Which taxon includes organisms that can successfully interbreed? | genus |
| What is the cell wall composition of archaebacteria? | pseudomurein |
| Are archaebacteria an eubacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs? | BOTH |
| What is the cell wall composition of eubacteria? | peptidoglycan |
| Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animal Cells? | Cellulose, Chitin, Cellulose, N/A |
| Are protists motile or sessile? | BOTH |
| Multi. or Uni.? Protist and Fungi | Mostly unicellular, mostly multicellular |
| Is a protist a auto. or a het.? Does it have a cell wall? | It is both; some protists have cell walls |
Created by:
sahil
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