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NRCM exam 2
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What mechanism did Darwin propose? | Natural Selection |
| ______ is the differential success of individuals with in the population. | Natural Selection |
| Natural selection is the product of what two conditions? | 1) Variation in heritable characteristics 2)variation results in differences in individual survival and reproduction. |
| The ___ of an individual is measured as its contribution to future generations. | fitness |
| ___ is the process by which the properties of populations change over generations. | evolution |
| A(n) ____ is a heritable that develops in response to environmental conditions. | adaptation |
| Similarities and differences among organisms are outcomes of the information contained with in ____. | DNA |
| A ___ is a length of DNA that contributes to the formation of a protein through_____. | gene/ gene expression |
| ___ are different forms of genes. | alleles |
| All DNA is a cell is the _____. | genome |
| ____ contain large amounts of DNA and the genes contained with in the DNA molecules. | chromosomes |
| A gene has a specific position or ___ on a chromosome. | locus |
| ___ is the particular combination of alleles present at a locus. | genotype |
| The outward appearance of an organism for a given characteristic is its _____. | phenotype |
| The _____ is that which is expressed and masks the other. | dominant allele |
| The ____ is masked and not expressed. | recessive allele |
| Alleles are considered ___ when each contributes to the phenotype. | co-dominant |
| The process of natural selection is driven by the what? | success or failure of individuals |
| The ___ reflects the collective success and failures through time. | population |
| The population of a species is typically composed of _____. | local populations (sub populations) |
| ______ is that genetic variation among sub populations. | genetic differentiation |
| The ____ is the sum of alleles of all individuals in a population. | gene pool |
| What does the gene pool represent? | It represents the total genetic variation of that population. |
| The ________ is the phenotype that is directly acted upon by selective forces. | target of selection |
| What is an example of target of select | beak size for Galapagos finches |
| The ____ is the environmental pressure that results in fitness differences among individuals. | selective agent |
| what is an example of a selective agent | seed size and abundance for finches |
| _____ occurs when the extreme value of a trait is favored. | directional selection |
| _____ occurs when the mean value of the trait is favored. | stabilizing selection |
| _____ occurs when members of a population are subjected to different selections of pressure. | disruptive selection |
| TRUE/FALSE : All phenotypes represent adaptations in response to natural selection. | false |
| ____ are heritable changes in a gene or a chromosome. | mutations |
| ____is the change in allele frequency due to random chance associated with sexual reproduction. | genetic drift |
| ___ the movement of individuals between local populations. | migration |
| _____ is the movement of genes between populations. | gene flow |
| _____ occurs when individuals choose mates non randomly based on phenotype. | assortative mating |
| give an example of assortative mating | female mate choice |
| ______ occurs when mates are more similar to each other than expected by chance. | positive assortative mating |
| What is an effect of positive assortative mating? | increase homo zygote frequency |
| ____ occurs when mates are less similar to each other than expected by chance. | negative assortative mating |
| What is an effect of negative assortitative mating | increase hetero zygote frequency |
| ___ is the mating of closely related individuals. | inbreeding |
| What are some affects of inbreeding? | increases homo zygosity at all loci. / offspring are more likely to inherit rare, recessive, or deleterious genes that lower overall fitness |
| The consequences of inbreeding are referred as_____ | inbreeding depression |
| The geographic range of a species can result in _______. | phenotype variation of neighboring populations |
| a___is a measurable gradual change over a geographic region in the average of a phenotypic trait. | cline |
| ___ are usually associated with an environmental gradient | clines |
| What is an example of clines being associated with an environmental gradient. | north american white-tailed deer |
| an _____ is a population adapted to its unique (often abrupt) local environmental conditions | ecotype |
| give an example of an ecoytpe | Yarrow (Archillea millefolium) response to altitude |
| _____results when gene flow among sub populations is prevented. | geographic isolates |
| Isolated populations are classified as ______. | subspecies |
| Why are isolated populations considered subspecies? | because of a set of unique characteristics |
| what is an example of a subspecies | Appalachian salamanders |
| Adaptations reflect ____ and _____. | trade-offs and constraints |
| TRUE/FALSE: The Earth is not a homogeneous environment | true |
| Explain why Earth is not a homogeneous environment. | Each combination of environmental conditions presents a unique set of constraints on the organisms that inhabit it. |
| Natural selection favors different phenotypes under different ______ | environmental conditions |
| ______ is the process in which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different features of an environment such as food and habitat. | adaptive radiation |
| TRUE/FALSE: Evolution by natural selection can occur over relatively short periods of time. | true |
| What are some ways that evolution by natural selection can occur over short periods of time? | sudden shifts in the environment - short generation time - by moving to a more suitable location |
| _____ is the ability of the genotype to give rise to different environmental conditions. | phenotypic plasticidy |
| What are some affects of phenotypic plasticidy ? | -imporves the individuals ability to survive, grow, and reproduce under the prevailing environmental conditions |
| What are some examples of phenotypic plasticidy among plants? | -size -leaf shape -ratio of reproductive tissue to vegetative tissue |
Created by:
morgandarce
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