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Biology 12: Unit 6
Unit 6 of bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 Parts of respiration? | 1) breathing, 2) External Respiration, 3) Internal Respiration, 4) Cellular Respiration |
| What is Breathing? | the movement of air into and out of the lungs |
| What is External Respiration? | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between AIR and BLOOD |
| What is Internal Respiration? | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between BLOOD and TISSUE FLUID |
| What is Cellular Respiration? | the process which produces ATP in mitochondria -->requires oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| What is Inspiration? | breathing air in |
| What is Expiration? | breathing air out |
| What happens to air when it enters the nasal passages? | 1) hairs and cilia trap dust and debris, 2) the air is warmed and moistened |
| After the nasal passage, where does the air enter? | the pharynx |
| How many nasal cavities are there? | two nasal cavities separated by a septum. |
| What are the nasal cavities connected to? | connected by tubes to the tear ducts and ears via the EUSTACHIAN TUBES. |
| What happens when we breath vs. when we swallow? | the glottis is opened vs. the epiglottis covers the glottis |
| What is the glottis? | the opening to the larynx (voice box) |
| What are the vocal cords? | elastic ligaments that stretch from the back to the front of the larynx just at the sides of the glottis. |
| What happens to the vocal cords when air is expelled past them? | the cords vibrate, producing sound |
| What does pitch of the voice depend on? | the length, thickness, and degree of elasticity of the vocal cords and the tension which they are held |
| What does a narrow glottis mean? | high pitch |
| What does a wide glottis mean? | low pitch |
| After air passes the glottis, where does it enter? | the trachea. |
| How is the trachea held open? | it is held open by cartilaginous rings and lined with ciliated mucous membranes. |
| What does cilia in the trachea do? | moves up mucus and any dust particles that were inhaled or accidentally swallowed |
| What is Tracheostomy? | an operation which an incision is made into the trachea below a blockage (and a tube is then inserted) |
| What does the trachea divide into? Where is the next place air enters? | the trachea divides into the Bronchi, which divides into smaller bronchioles that extend into the lungs |
| What is at the end of each bronchiole? | an alveoli (fills up most of the lungs) |
| Approximately how many alveoli are there? | 300 million per lung, 150 m^2 |
| What encloses the alveolar sac? | a single layer of simple squamous epithelial tissue, which is surrounded by capillaries |
| What do the capillaries around the alveoli carry? | deoxygenated blood |
| What does the trachea bronchi, bronchiole and alveoli make? | an inverted tree |
| What stops the alveoli from collapsing? | a film of lipoprotein |
| What shape are the lungs? Where can they be found? | they are cone-shaped organs that lie on both sides of the heart in the thoracic cavity. |
| How many lobs does the Right lung have? How many lobes does the left lung have? | Right: 3 lobes, Left: 2 lobes |
| What are lobes divided into? | lobules, each of which has a bronchiole serving many alveoli |
| What is the Diaphragm? | a thick, domed-shaped muscle on the floor of the thoracic (chest) cavity that powers breathing |
| What encloses the lungs? | two pleural membranes. One lines the chest walls, the inner membrane lines the lungs. |
| What is between the pleural membranes? What does it do? | fluid. It makes an air-tight seal. |
| What is negative pressure? | air pressure that is less (756 mm Hg) than the pressure of the surrounding air (760mm Hg). |
| How is negative pressure created? | it is created by increasing the volume inside the thoracic cavity. Air naturally moves in to fill the partial vaccum. |
| How is the space of the chest made bigger? | The contraction of the diapragm muscle moves downwards, the intercostal muscles lift up, and the sternum moves out ---> this increases space within the lungs. |
| What happens when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax? | the diaphragm moves up and the intercostal muscles move down and inward ---> this decreases the volume in the chest cavity, air is forced out of the lungs |
| What controls our breathing? | the carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in the blood control breathing rate |
| What do Chemoreceptors do? Where are they found? | Chemoreceptors in arteries detect the increased CO2 and H+ levels. They send a signal to a breathing centre in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the brain. |
| What does the MEDULLA OBLONGATA do? | it detects the rising levels of CO2 and H+. |
| Where is another place that Chemoreceptors are found? What do they do? What do they communicate with? | in the carotid bodies, located in the carotid arteries and the aortic bodies, located in the aorta. They respond primarily to H+ con'c, but also the level of CO2 and O2 in the blood. Communicate with the respiratory centre |
| Where does the Medulla Oblongata send a nerve impulse to? What happens? | It serves a nerve impulse to the diaphragm and the muscles in the ribcage. The diaphragm contracts and the rib cage moves up. Air then flows into the alveoli and the alveolar walls stretch |
| What detects stretching in the alveolar walls? | Stretch receptors in the alveolar walls detect stretching and nerves in the alveoli send a signal to the brain to inhibit the medulla oblongata from sending its message to the diaphragm. |
| What happens when nerves in the alveoli send a signal to the brain? | the diaphram relaxes and moves upwards, the rib cage relaxes and moves downwards. air is then forced out of the lungs. |
| Is it better to give a patient pure oxygen or a mixture of CO2 and O2 to get a patient breathing? Why? | A mixture is better because carbon dioxide levels in the blood regulate the breathing rate. |
| What is Tidal Volume? | the amount of air the is breathed in (avg. 500 mL) |
| What is the Vital Capacity? | the maximum that can be breathed in per breath (avg. 6000mL) |
| about how much air of the normally breathed air actually gets deep enough to the Alveoli? | only about 350 cc of the 500 cc |
| What is dead air space? | part of the air that is stuck in bronchioles and doesn't go in the alveoli. |
| What increase dead air space? | breathing through a long air tube |
| What is residual air? | air that remains in lungs after expiation (about 1000mL) |
| What is a similarity of the alveoli walls and the capillary walls? | both are one cell layer thick. |
| How is gas moved from alveoli to blood (pulmonary capillaries)? | exchange of gases is by diffusion alone |
| What is the law of diffusion? | material will flow from area of high concentration to low concentration |
| Fill in the Blanks: Capillaries are ____ in 02 and ____ in CO2 | Capillaries are low in O2 and high in CO2 |
| FIll in the blanks: The alveoli are _____ in O2 and ______ in CO2 | The alveoli are high in O2 and low in CO2 |
| What is Hemoglobin? | an iron containing respiratory pigment found within the red blood cells |
| How many hemoglobin per RBC? | 200 million |
| What does hemoglobin increase? | the oxygen carrying capacity of blood by 60 times. |
| What is hemoglobin composed of? | 4 polypetide chains (a tetramer) connected to 4 heme groups (contain iron) |
| What does the iron portion of the hemoglobin do? | it forms a loose attraction with O2 |
| How many O2 bind per hemoglobin? | four |
| When is hemoglobin attracted to oxygen? | in cool, more basic lungs |
| When is hemoglobin less attracted to oxygen? | in more acidic warmer tissues |
| What are the effects of temperature on hemoglobin? | Hb takes up O2 more readily in low temperatures (lungs), and gives up O2 more readily at higher temperature |
| What are the effects of pH on hemoglobin? | Hb takes up O2 more readily in the more basic or neutral lungs, and gives it up more readily in the more acidic tissues. |
| What is HbO2? | Oxyhemoglobin |
| What is HbCO2? | carbaminohemoglobin |
| What is HHb? | reduced hemoglobin |
| Why is hemoglobin less attracted to oxygen in different environments? | hemoglobin is a protein. At different enviornments the hemoglobin will slightly change shape (aka slightly denatures) |
| What are the nostrils like? | it is lined with mucosal cell layer that secretes mucus and also has nose hairs that filter and trap particulate matter |
| Where does the pharynx end? | it ends where the epiglottis covers the top of the trachea (the glottis) |
| What does the open part of the "C-shaped" cartilage of the trachea do? | The open C is against the esophagus and facilitates swallowing. |
| How are alveoli specialized? | 1) One cell thick, 2) coated by lipoproteins to prevent collapsing and sticking together, 3) equipped with stretch receptors, 4) highly vasularized with pulmonary capillaries (ensures maximum exchange of gas), 5) kept moist to maintain flexibility |
| What sentence will help recall the specializations of alveoli? | Thin wet capillaries stretch over numerous surfaces. |
| What is pneumothorax? | a punture to the chest wall, piercing the pleural membrane -> results in air putting pressure in through the punture wound during inhalation. --> pressure on the surface causes lung to collapse |
| What is the first way that air is prepared for the alveoli? | air is initially cleaned by the nose hairs and mucus in the nasal passages |
| What is the second way air is prepared for the alveoli? Where? | Occurs where the debris can no longer get out of the nose. Mucus catches anything that is not a gas and cilia beats it back up to the pharynx where it can be swallowed or coughed and spit out. |
| What is air like once it arrives at the alveoli? | no difference in temperature between the tissues and air, air is saturated with water as it passes mucosal-lined passageways. |
| What is the role of the pleural membrane? (3 --> C.C=chest cavity, L.T=lung tissue) | makes lubricated, frictionless surface for L.T. to slide against inner wall of C.C. Seals lungs from body to insure trachea provides only passage in&out of C.C (prevents lung collapse). Causes lung tissue to stick to body wall, helping expand lungs |
| Starting from alveoli, how does O2 combine with Hb? Why? | O2 diffuses from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries. In the blood stream Oxygen combines with Hb to form HbO2 because the temperature and pH is favourable. |
| What is the temperature and pH of the alveoli? | 37 degrees C and pH of 7.38 |
| What happens when oxyhemoglobin reaches the blood tissues? Why> | The hemoglobin releases the oxygen because the temperature and pH are favourable. |
| What is the temp and pH of the tissues? | blood is slightly warmer at tissues-->38 degrees C, and pH is slightly lower at 7.35 |
| What do the cells do with the oxygen? | it does cellular respiration with the help of glucose (C6H12O6) forming CO2 and H2O |
| What happens if the products of cellular respiration encounters CARBONIC ANHYDRASE after diffusing into the bloodstream? | Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is temporarily formed, but readily dissociates into HCO3 + H. Hb bond with H to form HHb (acts as a buffer because H ion is acid when alone). At alveolar capillaries, Hb lets go of H and the opposite of above reaction occurs. |
| What happens if the products of cellular respiration does not encounter CARBONIC ANHYDRASE after diffusing into the bloodstream? | Some CO2 bonds to Hb and is transported as HbCO2, some CO2 is transported as a dissolved gas in plasma and both diffuse out of capillaries into alveoli. |
Created by:
db5k
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