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Marine Ecology Exam2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ecology? | The study of interactions of living organisms with biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) environment |
| List the ecological levels. | Organism -> population -> community -> ecosystem |
| What is population ecology? | The study of interactions of a population with their environment, focusing on factors that influence population diversity and growth |
| What types of questions do researchers ask? (4) | abundance, density, distribution, characteristics |
| What is abundance? | # of individuals |
| What is density? | # of individuals per unit |
| What is distribution? | Geographic location, patterns |
| What are characteristics? | structure (example: proportion of individuals of each age/gender) |
| What is a habitat? | place or environment situation where an organism lives. combination of physical (abiotic) and biological (biotic) factors |
| Does an individual always have to live in the same habitat? | No. Young vs. old have different habitats. |
| What is diversity? | the number and relative abundance of species in a community |
| What is species richness? | the total number of species in a community |
| What is relative abundance? | How common or rare a species is compared to other species |
| What are interspecific interactions? | any interaction between members of different species |
| What is competition? | competing for physical resource such as food or space. Negative for both parties. |
| What is predation? | One organism eating another. Good for one, bad for the other. |
| What is symbiosis and what are the three subcategories of symbiosis? | 2 organisms living together 1. Parasitism 2. Mutualism 3. Commensalism |
| What is parasitism? | One organism lives off another. Good for the parasite, bad for the host. |
| What is mutualism? | Both parties benefit |
| What is commensalism? | Positive for one party, neutral for the other. |
| What is the intertidal zone? | The sea floor that lies between the highest high and the lowest low tide. |
| How is the intertidal zone a unique environment? | Marine organisms are regularly exposed to air so they must have ways to cope with the exposure. |
| What are tides? | Periodic, rhythmic rise and fall of the sea surface |
| What pulls water towards the moon? | Gravity |
| What causes water to move away from the moon? | Centrifugal force |
| Where are the high and low tides in relation to the bulges? | High tide is under the bulge and the low tide is away from the bulge |
| What else produces tidal bulges? | The sun |
| What is the effect of the tidal bulge produced by the sun? | about half of the moon's |
| How are spring tides formed? | The sun and moon are in line and, resulting in large tidal ranges |
| How are neap tides formed? | The sun and moon are at right angles, resulting in a small tidal change |
| What is a semidiurnal tide? Where is one found? | 2 high and 2 low tides a day NYC |
| What are mixed tides? Where is one found? | unequal heights Seattle |
| What are diurnal tides? Where is one found? | 1 high and 1 low tide a day Pensacola, Florida |
| What is a substrate? What is affected by the substrate? | Type of bottom or in which an organism lives. The lifestyle of organisms depend on the substrate |
| What is the epifauna? | Organisms that live on the surface of substrate |
| What is infauna? | organisms that burrow/live in the substrate |
| Where do rocky shores occur? | On steep coasts without much sediment |
| What is the rocky shore on the west coast of North America like? | Active margin uplifted by geological processes |
| What is the rocky shore on the east coast of north america like? | Rebounded after ice sheets scraped sediment away |
| What is the rocky shore on Hawaii like? | geologically very young |
| What protists can be found in a rocky intertidal? | seaweed, kelp, plankton |
| What fungi can be found in a rocky intertidal? | lichen |
| What are 4 invertebrate phyla that can be found in a rocky intertidal? | Crustacea, enchitodermata, mollusca, cnidaria |
| What are 3 vertebrae classes that can be found in a rocky intertidal? | aves, mammalian, osteichthyes |
| What is the common name for an anthozoan? | Sea anenome |
| What phylum is the anthozoan in? | Cnidaria |
| How does an anthozoan capture prey? | With nematocysts |
| What organisms are classified as gastropods? | snails, limpets, abalones, nudibranchs |
| What phylum are gastropods in? | Mollusca |
| What is unique about gastropods? | They are a coiled mass of internal organs enclosed by a shell |
| What do gastropods use to scrape algae from rocks? | Radula |
| Nudibranchs have lost their shell. What are their defense mechanisms? | ink |
| What organisms are classified as bivalves? | clams, mussels, oysters |
| What are 2 unique qualities of bivalves? | 2-valved shell and strong muscles to close valves |
| How do muscles attach to rocks? | byssal threads |
| Bivalves lack a radula that gastropods have, so how do they feed? | gills used for respiration and filter feeding |
| What organisms are classified as crustaceans? | shrimps, crabs, lobsters, barnacles |
| What phylum are crustaceans in? | arthropoda |
| How do crustaceans feed? | barnacles filter feed, crabs are scavengers |
| What organisms are classified as enchinodermata? | sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers |
| What type of symmetry do enchinidermata have and what is the advantage of it? | radial symmetry. Slow moving so better response |
| What happened to bilateral symmetry in enchinodermata? | retained in larval stage |
| What does it mean to be sessile? | not moving (sea anenomes) |
| What is detritus? What makes of det | All dead matter in the ocean |
| In an intertidal, who are the primary producers? | seaweeds, diatoms, seagrasses |
| In an intertidal, who are the grazers and what do they eat? | Limpets, snails, chitons, sea urchins. They eat seaweeds, diatoms, and seagrasses. |
| In an intertidal, who are the scavengers and what do they eat? | Crabs, amphipods, isopods. They eat detritus. |
| In an intertidal, who are the filter feeders and what do they eat? | Mussels and barnacles. They eat plankton. |
| In an intertidal, who are the carnivores? | sea stars, snails, fishes, crabs, flatworms, birds. They eat grazers (limpets, snails, chitons, sea urchins), scavengers (crabs, amphipods, isopods), and filter feeders (mussels, barnacles) |
| What is wave shock? | Change in intensity of the waves. When the tide is in, organisms have to deal with wave shock. |
| What is a wave? | an undulation that forms as a disturbance moves along the surface of the water. |
| How do water particles in a wave move? | They move in circles |
| What carries energy across sea surface? | waves |
| What determines size of waves? | wind speed and duration |
| What is the fetch? | the span of water over which wind blows |
| What is a tsunami? | long, fast waves produced by earthquakes and other seismic disturbances of the sea floor |
| How fast can a tsunami travel? | 700 km/hr + |
| What is the average height of a tsunami? | 1 meter in the open ocean but it can gain tremendous height in shallow water |
| What is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history? | 2004 9.0 quake in Indonesia |
| What are the daily stresses faced by intertidal life? | desiccation, temperature, salinity, feeding, wave shock |
| What is desiccation? | The tendency to dry out during emersion |
| How is temperature a stress? | Extreme variation during emersion or in shallow tidepools |
| How is salinity a stress? | extreme variations, exposure to fresh water, evaporation |
| How is feeding a stress? | Most organisms cannot feed when the tide is out |
| What is wave shock? | variation in the intensity of wave impact |
| What are solutions to stresses? | prevent stress, tolerate stress, avoid stress |
| How can an organism prevent stress? | 1. run and hide 2. clam up |
| How can an organism tolerate stress? | morphological structures physiological structures |
Created by:
stephytaylor10
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