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MD 13 Chordata
Information from Biology Module 13 on Phylum Chordata
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vertebrae | Segments of bone or some other hard substance that is arranged into a backbone |
| Notochord | Rod of tough flexible material that runs the lenth of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support |
| Endoskeleton | Skeleton on the inside of a creature's body, typically complsed of bone or cartilage |
| Bone Marrow | Soft tissue inside the body that produces blood cells |
| Axial Skeleton | Portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck and trunk |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it |
| Closed Circulatory System | Circulatory System in which oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels |
| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blodo AWAY from the heart |
| Capillaries | Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and cells of the body |
| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood BACK TO the heart |
| Olfactory Lobes | Lobes of the brain that receive signals from receptors in the nose |
| Cerebrum | Lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the response |
| Optic Lobes | Lobes of the brain that receive signals from receptors in the eyes |
| Cerebellum | Lobe that controles involuntary actions and refines muscle movement |
| Medulla Oblongata | Lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transport signals from the brain to the spinal cord |
| Internal fertilization | Process by which the male places eggs inside the female's body, where the eggs are fertilized |
| External firtilization | Process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside the female |
| Oviparious Development | Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female's body |
| Ovoviviparious Development | Development that cocurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female's body |
| Viviparious Development | Development that occurs inside a female, allowing theoffspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta |
| Anadromous | A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and go back to fress water to reproduce |
| Bile | Mixture of salts and phospholipids that aid in the breakdown of fat |
| Atrium | Heart chamber receiving blood |
| Ventricle | Heart chamber from which blood is pumped out |
| Ectothermic | Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat |
| Hibernation | State of extremeley low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures |
| All vertebrates are in: | Phylum Chordata |
| All of Phylum Chordata have _____ at some point | a notochord |
| SubPhylum Urochordata | Notochord during larva dissapears as adult |
| SubPhylum Chepalochordata | Always have notochords |
| SubPhylum Vertebra | Notochord during early stage becomes backbone when born/hatched |
| Sea Squirts/Tunicates are in ______ | SubPhylum Urochordata |
| Lancelets ("Amphioxus") are in _____ | SubPhylum Cephalochordata |
| Osteoplasts.... | produce bone matrix |
| Osteocytes.... | are mature bone cells surrounded by bone matrix |
| Osteoclasts... | break down bone tissue (reshape to meet new demands and for lack of minerals) |
| Types of Bone tissue | Compact has tightly-packed calcium-harded fibers; Spongy has them loosely packed |
| Perosteum | Dense membrane surrounding bone tissue has blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients |
| Uses of Bone | Support, Create blood cells, Be repository for excess minerals |
| Cartilage | collagen fibers (like bone) but no calcium salts --> connects tissue and cushions bones |
| Backbone = | Vertebral column |
| Blood Color | Bright red have a lot of oxygen; dark red have little oxygen |
| Vertebrates have the most complex______ | Nervous system |
| Spinal Cord | Inside vertebral colum and sends signals to and from brain |
| Spinal Nerve Types | Sensory nerves transmit to the brain from receptors; motor nerves transmit from brain to places in the body |
| Class Agnatha | "Jawless Fish" are anadromous |
| What are ammocoetes? | Lamprey eel young in larva form. Parasitic and never forms true bones |
| Vertebrate brain size | Many have one set of brain lobes larger to specialize |
| Clas Chrondrichthyes | "Cartilaginous Fish" are sharks, rays, and skates |
| Types of Fins | Pectoral and Caudal fins for swimming, Anterior and Posterior Dorsal fins for stablizing and staying upright, Anal fin as well, and Pelvic fin to stabilize |
| Shark senses | Lateral Line = Canal running length of body to sense vibration, and Electrical Field Sensor to find weak signal from prey. |
| What is a clasper? | Portion of male's pelvic fin that aids in reproduction |
| Shark Reproduction | Oviparious or some viviparous |
| Shark Symbiotic Relationship | With Remora -- eats parasite off shark's scales |
| Rays | Slender, whiplike tails and Ovoviviparous or Viviparous |
| Skates | Thicker, fleshy tails and Oviparous |
| Class Osteichthyes | "Boney Fish" have calcified endoskeleton -- true bones |
| Opercula | In class Osteichthyes, gill covering allows water out |
| Purpose of Mucus in class Osteichthyes | Waterproofs, protects from parasites, more moble |
| Pyloric Ceca | In class Osteichthyes, secrets digestive enzymes and stomach chemicals |
| Liver | (In class Osteichthyes) secretes bile, more effective storage, converts nutrients from one to another, cleans blood (remove debris and convert natural toxins to less harmful) |
| Air Bladder | In class Osteichthyes, stay afloat using gases from blood and digestive system |
| Class Osteichthyes Reproduction | Oviparous. Male covers egss with milt: white substance w/sperm |
| Class Osteichthyes Circulation | 2 chambered heart, leaves heart through ventral aorta to different brachial arteries and capilaries in gils, leaves gills through efferent brachial arteries, through dorsal aorta and anterior cardial vein to heart |
| Blood in Fish (Osteichthyes) | "Cold-Blooded" = Ectothermic |
| Carp | Member of Class Osteichthyes, "trash-fish" = bottom-feeder, able to live in polluted water. Ornamental carp = koi |
| Salmon | Member of Class Osteichthyes, Lifestyle like lamprey eel --> Anadromous |
| Betta | Member of Class Osteichthyes, aquarium fish, "siamese fighting fish" |
| Lionfish | Member of Class Osteichthyes, has chromatophores, poisonous pectoral fins |
| Butterfly Fish | Member of Class Osteichthyes, have chromatophores to look like eye (large predator or attack wrong end) |
| Chromatophores | specialized cells that produce pigments that give lion and butterfly fish such bright colors |
| Spiny Puffer | Member of Class Osteichthyes, beak-mouth to eat corral or mollusks, puffs itself up for defense |
| Class Amphibia | "Dual Life". Larvae have gills, metamorphosis, air breathing. Eggs are externally fertilized |
| Class Amphibia Characteristics | Endoskeleton mostly of bone, Smooth skin (no scales) w/many capillaries and pigments, 2 pairs of limbs w/webbed feet, (as many as) 4 organs for respiration, 3-chambered heart, oviparous |
| Class Amphibia Respiration | Gills during larva stage, replaced by lungs only as backup, main respiration through skin, or some use mouth-lining to respirate |
| Blood in Amphibians | "Cold-Blooded" = Ectothermic. Hibernate |
| Order Caudata | Class Amphibia, salamanders: webbed feet, breath through kin, no lungs |
| Order Anura | Class Amphibia, frogs are smooth, shiny, easily drying skin and toads are dry, bumpy |
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