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FN 40 Ch. 6-7 test
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What element is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and fats? | Nitrogen |
| What is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another? | The fourth site (bond) distinguishes each amino acid |
| What is an essential amino acid? | Amino acids that the body cannnot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs |
| What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein? | The sequence determines what kind of protein it will be |
| What is denaturation? | The change in a protein's shape and consequent loss of its function brought about by heat, agitation, acid, base, alcohol, heavy metals or other agents |
| What is the action of hydrochloric acid on protein digestion? | denaturizes protein structure, activities pepsinogen to pepsin |
| what is the cause of sickle cell anemia? | the replacement of the glutamine acid by the amino acid valine |
| what is a hormone? | they are messenger molecules and some are proteins |
| what is the relationship between body proteins and water? | proteins help maintain the body's fluid balance (homeostasis) |
| how do sodium and potassium travel into and out of cells | they travel in and out thanks to transport protein. It moves Na and K in opposite directions across the membrane to maintain a high concentration of K and a low concentration of Na within the cell, also requires ATP |
| what is the amino acid pool? | The supply of amino acids derived from either food protein or body protein that collect in the cells and circulating blood and stand ready to be incorporated in proteins and other compounds or used for energy |
| what is the usual state of nitrogen balance for healthy infants, children and healthy women | Positive nitrogen status |
| what were the assumptions made in the formation of the RDA for protein | Assumed that people are healthy do not have unusual metabolic needs for protein, that the protein eaten will be of mixed quality (from both high and low-quality sources), and the protein will be used efficiently by the body |
| what is whey protein? | A by-product of cheese production; falsely promoted as increasing muscle mass. whey is the watery part of milk that separates from the curds |
| approximately what percentage of a person's genes are similar to that of an unrelated person | about 0.1% |
| what is metabolism | The sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. Energy metabolism includes all the reactions by which the body obtains and expends the energy from food |
| what are the "powerhouses" of a typical cell | The mitochondria |
| what is the approximate percent efficiency of conversion of food energy to ATP energy in the body | about 50% efficiency |
| what is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| what is glycolisis | The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen (anaerobic) |
| what is an aerobic reaction | it is a reaction that requires oxygen |
| what is an immediate consequence of a cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate | the TCA cycle slows down and the cells face an energy crisis |
| what are the products from the complete oxidation of fatty acids | acetyl CoA |
| what can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients | Acetyl CoA |
| how does excess carbohydrate intake contribute to obesity | it spares both dietary fat and body fat from oxidation |
| what happens when there is a surplus of dietary fat | excess dietary fat moves efficiently into the body's fat stores; almost all of the excessive fat is stored |
| during the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90% of the glucose that is needed to fuel the body | body protein |
| what is used to supply some of the fuel needed by the brain only after the body has been fasting for a while | Ketone bodies |
| what are ketones | compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available |
| what does "fruity breath odod" indicate | ketosis |
| what is a limiting amino acid? what are the four amino acids most likely to limiting in protein nutrition | essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for a protein synthesis in the body. Four amino acids most likely to be limiting are: 1. lysine 2. methionine 3. threonine 4. tryptophan |
| list five population groups for which amino acid dietary supplements are especially innapropriate | 1) Infants, children and adolescents 2) All women of childbearing age 3) Elderly people 4) Smokers 5) People on low-protein diets |
| list two of the liver's functions in the metabolism of each of these nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (six total) | Carbs 1.Makes & stores glucose 2.converts excess glucose into fatty acids Fats 1.breaks down fatty acids for energy when needed 2.makes ketone bodies when needed Proteins 1.Makes many proteins 2.manufactures nonessential amino acids that are short su |
| Myth 1. drinking alcohol is healthy | Truth: moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of heart disease,but excessive consumption damages the liver, pancreas, brain, and heart. |
| Myth 2. Alcohol is legal,therefore, not a drug | Truth: It is legal at the age of 21 and older, but its also a drug- it alters one or more body functions |
| Myth 3. Mixing different types of alcohol gives you a hangover | Truth: Over-consumption of alcohol gives you a hangover |
| Myth 4. Alcohol is a stimulant | Truth: it seems like a stimulant, but it actually depresses the activity of the brain. it is medically defined as a depressant drug |
| Myth 5. A shot of alcohol warms you up | Truth: Alcohol diverts the blood to the skin, making you feel warmer, but it actually cools the body |
Created by:
toomuchmonster
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