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Chapter 19 Vocabular

Section 1-4

TermDefinition
Stress Forces per unit area that act on a material compression, tension, and shear.
Strain Deformation of materials in response to stress
Elastic Deformation Causes materials to bend and stretch; proportional to stress, so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the strain or deformation is reduced or disappears.
Plastic Deformation Permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value.
Fault Fracture ir system of fractues in Earth's crust that occurs when stress in applied too quickly or stress is too great; can form as a result of horizontal compression (reverse fault), horizontal shear (strike-slip failt), or horizontal tensin (normal failt
Seismic Wave The vibrations of the ground during an earthquake.
Primary Wave Seismic wave that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travels, known as a P-wave.
Secondary Wave Seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the directions f the wave, known as an S-wave.
Focus Point of the initial fault rapture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath Earth's surface.
Epicenter Imaginary line that lies at 0` latitude and circles earth midway between the north and south poles, dividing earth into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.
Seismometer Instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake.
Seismogram Record produced by a isomerism that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave.
Richter Scale Numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
Magnitude Measure of the energy released during an earthquake, which can be described using the Richter scale.
Amplitude The size of the seismic waves; an increase of I in the scale represents an increase i amplitude of a factor of 10.
Moment Magnitude Scale Scale used to measure earthquake magnitude taking into accent the size of the fault rupture, the rocks' stiffness, and amount of movement along the fault using values that can be estimated from the size of several types of seismic waves.
Modified Metallica Scale Measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII; the higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused.
Soil liquefaction Seismic vibrations in areas of fluid sutured sand can cause the ground to behave like a liquid.
Tsunami Large, powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake; in shallow water, can form hue, fast-moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height that can damage coastal areas.
Seismic gap Place along an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a long time.
Created by: AshleyandJesus
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