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ES Chapter 19 Vocab

Chapter 19 vocab

QuestionAnswer
stress forces per unit area that act on a material compression tension and shear
strain deformation of materials in response to stress
elastic deformation causes materials to bend and stretch proportional to stress so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the strain or deformation is reduced or disappears
plastic deformation premanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value
fault fracture of system of fractures in Earth's crust that occurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great can form as a result of horizontal compression horizontal shear or horizontal tension
seismic wave the vibrations of the ground during an earthquake
primary wave seismic wave that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travles known as a P wave
secondary wave seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave known as S wave
focus point at the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath earth's surface
epicenter point on earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
seismometer instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake
seismogram record produced by a seismometer that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave
richter scale numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake
magnitude measure of the energy released during an earthquake which can be described using the richter scale
amplitude the size of the seismic waves an increase of 1 in the scale represent an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10
moment magnitude scale scale used to measure earthquake magnitude taking into account the size of the fault rupture the rocks stiffness and amount of movement along the fault using values that can be estimated from the size of several types of seismic waves
modified Mercalli scale measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII the higher the number the greater the damage the earthquake has caused
soil liquefaction process associated with seismic vibration that occur in areas of sand that is nearly saturated resulting in the ground behaving like a liquid
tsunami large powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake in shallow water can form huge fast moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height can damage coastal areas
seismic gap place along an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a long time
Created by: Katie Jones
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