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Micro WI-13 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two primary factors affecting transmission? | Reservoirs of infection (where pathogens grow) and mechanisms of transmission (how pathogens move) |
| What are the two types of human reservoirs? | Sick people and carriers |
| What are some examples of non-living reservoirs? | Water, food, and soil |
| What are the three mechanisms of transmission? | Contact, vehicle and vector |
| What is contact transmission? | When an uninfected person touches or is in proximity to an infected person, animal or object |
| What are the three types of contact transmission? | Direct, indirect and droplet |
| What is direct transmission? | No intermediary between the infected and uninfected |
| What is indirect contact? | Infection that occurs through intermediates that are not alive (aka - FOMITES) |
| What is droplet transmission? | Infection spread through aerosolized saliva, mucous and sputum |
| What is the most common form of vehicle transmission? | Air |
| Which type of vehicle transmission as the highest concentration of the three (airborne, waterborne or food borne? | Waterborne |
| What is vector transmission? | Pathogens are transmitted via a carrier known to be associated with a certain disease? |
| What is the number 1 vector for human disease? | Mosquitoes |
| What are the two types of vector transmission? | Mechanical and biological |
| How does biological vector transmission occur? | Through the parenteral route (a sting or bite) |
| What is immunocompetence? | The host's ability to mount a defense |
| What is an etiologic agent? | The agent that CAUSES disease |
| What are the 5 stages of disease? | Incubation, Prodromal, Period of illness, Period of decline, and Period of convalescence |
| What are the signs and symptoms of the incubation period? | There are no signs or symptoms |
| What are the signs and symptoms of the prodromal period? | Mild - Fatigue (because you're mounting an immune response) |
| What are the signs and symptoms of the period of illness? | Major signs and symptoms |
| Why is the period of decline the most dangerous point in an illness? | You feel better but still need to rest to fully recover |
| What occurs during the period of convalescence? | "Rebooting" - when the immune system comes back online |
| During which stage of infection do secondary infections usually occur? | Period of decline |
| What are the four categories of disease duration? | Acute, chronic, sub-acute and latent |
| What is epidemiology? | The study of factors & mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of disease |
| What is Incidence? | The number of NEW CASES contracted within a SET POPULATION in a SPECIFIC PERIOD OF TIME |
| What is Prevalence? | The TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE INFECTED within a population AT ANY GIVEN TIME |
| What is the morbidity rate? | Number of individuals affected by the disease DURING A SET PERIOD DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL POPULATION |
| What is the mortality rate? | Number of DEATHS due to a SPECIFIC DISEASE during a SPECIFIC PERIOD divided by the TOTAL POPULATION |
| What is an endemic disease? | A disease found constantly in a population - i.e. the common head cold. (Also includes gingivitis/periodontitis) |
| What is an epidemic disease? | When there's an UNEXPECTED spike in incidence |
| What is a common source epidemic? | Everyone's exposed at the same time to the same pathogen and gets the same symptoms. Ex) Fecal contamination of water |
| What is a propagated epidemic? | Amplification of the number of infected individuals as person-to-person contact occurs. **Patient zero |
| What is a pandemic? | Diseases that occur in epidemic proportions throughout the world. Ex) Cholera, bubonic plague |
| What are the two types of epidemiological study? | Descriptive and analytical |
| With what is a descriptive study concerned? | The physical aspects of patients and the spread of disease. Number of cases, segment of population affected, location of infection, age/race/martial status/occupation of infected |
| With what is an analytical study concerned? | Establishing a cause-effect relationship |
| What type of group does an analytical study always use? | A control group |
| Is an analytical study retrospective or prospective? | It can be either |
| What does it mean if a disease is "nationally notifiable?" | Cases of the disease must be reported to the CDC |
| What is a nosocomial infection? | An infection required in a hospital or other medical facility |
| How are nosocomial infections usually contracted? | UTIs (b/c of catheterization), RTIs (b/c purified air dries out mucous membranes) and surgical wounds |
| Which method of contraction is most common for nosocomial infections? | UTIs |
| What is the "hot tub" bacteria? | Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| What are the four common antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria? | ORSA (Oxacillin resistant staph aureus), MRSA (Methecillin resistant staph aureus), VRSA (Vancomycin resistant staph aureus), and VRE (Vancomycin resistant enterococcus) |
| Which two antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are currently confined to hospitals? | VRSA and VRE |
| What does it mean when a virus "burns hot?" | The virus kills extremely quickly because of and abundance of hosts with zero immunity |
| How is TB treated? | With an antibiotic cocktail of at least 3 antibiotics for a minimum of 1 year |
| What is an emerging infectious disease? | A disease that's never been seen before |
| What is a re-emerging infectious disease? | A disease that was once under control but is now reappearing within populations |
| What environmental changes are occurring that place populations at risk for emerging/re-emerging diseases? | Humans encroaching on uncultivated land, climate change |
| What are the two primary types of nipah virus? | Respiratory and encephalitic |
| What is respiratory nipah virus often misdiagnosed as? | Viral pneumonia |
| What is the vector for nipah virus? | Fruit bats |
| What are examples of food borne illnesses? | Salmonella & Mad Cow (Creutzfeldt-Jakob) |
| What are examples of globalization that can cause the spread of disease? | Modern air travel, global trade |
| How is SARS spread? | Droplet aerosol and fomite transmission |
| What is the host for West Nile Virus? | Birds (originally parrots) |
| In patients that are elderly or immunocompromised, to where in the body does West Nile virus spread? | The Brain |
| What are four examples of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs)? | Ebola, Marburg, Lassa and the Yellow Fevers |
| How are VHFs spread? | Arboviruses and unknown vectors |
| What are the three phases/signs of VHFs? | 1. Petechial hemorrhaging 2. Body releases heparin (to break up clots) 3. Body begins to bleed from orifices |
| What is the general treatment for VHFs? | 1. Heparin (to break clotting cycle) 2. Vitamin K (to prevent bleeding out after clotting cycle has been controlled) |
| Which population has one of the largest problems w/ TB? | HIV/AIDS patients |
| What is a granuloma? | A walled off section in the lung in response to TB bacteria |
| What is the main reservoir for influenza? | China |
| Which strain of influenza is the most deadly? | Avian influenza |
| What cell type does avian influenza target? | Type II pneumocytes (that produce surfactant) |
| Why is there very little spread of avian influenza? | Patients die to quickly to spread the virus |
| What are prions? | Denatured proteins (we think) |
| What do prions cause? | Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) |
| How do prions affect the brain? | Proteins denature and become "sticky" resulting in plaque. They also convert normal proteins to abnormal proteins |
| Is there treatment or cure for prion diseases? | No |
| What is the number one portal of entry in the human body? | The respiratory system |
| Which type of respiratory infection, upper or lower, is rarely lethal if treated? | Upper respiratory infection |
| Which type of respiratory tract infection, upper or lower, can be very dangerous? | Lower respiratory infection |
| What is parainfluenza also known as? | Croup |
| What is pharyngitis also known as? | Strep throat |
| What is the number one innate defense in the respiratory system? | The mucociliary escalator - goblet cells that produce mucous and cilia that beat in waves in the same direction and at the same rate |
| What is scarlet fever a complication of? | Late stage or untreated strep throat |
| What is the only way to differentiate between bacterial and viral otitis media? | Look at the tympanic membrane |
| What is the pain in viral otitis media due to? | Fluid build up |
| What can occur if otitis media remains untreated? | Mastoiditis |
| What is sinusitis often misdiagnosed as? | Allergies |
| What bacteria causes pharyngitis? | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| What percentage of an abscess on a tonsil is the visualized portion? | 10% |
| What is it called when the strep infection spreads to the heart valves and joints? | Rheumatic fever |
| What is scarlet fever? | Scarlet fever occurs when the strep pyogenes bacteria gets into the blood stream and reaches the surface capillaries in the skin |
| What is scarlet fever often misdiagnosed as? | Measles |
| What can the scarlet fever toxin causes hypersensitivity of? | Nerves |
| What can develop over the throat in the case of diphtheria? | A pseudo-membrane |
| What cardiac abnormality can occur in cases of diphtheria? | Arrhythmia |
| Why are there such a high number of rhinoviruses? | They are RNA viruses, which mutate frequently due to instability |
| In which demographic is parainfluenza a serious problem? | Infants and small children |
| Where does parainfluenza replicate, in the cytoplasm or nucleus? | Cytoplasm |
| What is a cardinal sign of parainfluenza? | Spasmodic croup that sounds deep, wet and is unrelenting |
| What does parainfluenza Type 1 cause? | Severe pharyngitis and tracheobronchitis, often in children 5 and under |
| What does parainfluenza Type 3 cause? | Bronchitis and pneumonia in children < 1 year old |
| What is the most common bacteria to cause bacterial pneumonia (a LRI)? | Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Where is strep pneumoniae considered normal flora? | The throat |
| What is mycoplasmal pneumonia also known as? | Walking pneumonia |
| What is mycoplasmal pneumonia often misdiagnosed as? | A chest cold |
| When does mycoplasmal pneumonia often deveolp? | After a cold or strep throat |
| What is a primary sign of mycoplasmal pneumonia? | Nagging, unproductive cough that's more like throat clearing |
| To which parts of the body does miliary TB often spread? | The heart, kidneys and bones (but it can spread anywhere in the body) |
| What lung sounds will often be audible in cases of TB? | Rhonchi and rales |
| What is hemoptysis? | Expectoration of blood |
| Carriers of TB make up what fraction of the global population? | One third |
| What percentage of TB cases in the United States are foreign-borne? | 80% |
| What is the etiologic agent that causes TB? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| What type of bacteria is M. tuberculosis? | Acid-fast + bacillus) |
| What is another name for tubercle (in regards to a walled of section of the lung)? | A granuloma |
| What is it called when a tubercle calcifies? | Ghon complex |
| What are the four methods of TB diagnosis (in order)? | 1. PPD 2. Chest X-ray 3. Suptum sample staining (obtained via bronchial lavage) 4. Biopsy |
| What is directly observed therapy? | Delivery of scheduled drug doses by a health care professional |
| What is another name for pertussis? | Whooping cough |
| What is the etiologic agent that causes whooping cough? | Bordetella pertussis |
| Why does the original DTP vaccine no longer cover pertussis? | The original strain mutated during the time that people weren't vaccinated, and the re-emerging strain isn't the same as the original |
| What does pertussis do to the cilia of the respiratory tract? | Breaks them off at the root (they never grow back) |
| What are the 3 stages of pertussis? | 1. Catarrhal (1-2 weeks) 2. Paroxymal (2-4 weeks) 3. Convalescence (6-10 weeks) |
| What does the catarrhal stage of pertussis involve? | Coughing, non-stop runny nose. HIGHLY COMMUNICABLE IN THIS STAGE |
| What is the paroxymal stage of pertussis? | Non-stop coughing, up to 50x/day. This is dangerous because of periods of apnea (lungs can fail to re-inflate). Lymphocytes also build up at this stage |
| What is the convalescent stage of pertussis? | The tertiary stage. Requires rest!!! Cilia must rebuild. Need to be wary of secondary infection |
| Why can cerebral bleeding occur in cases of pertussis? | Severe coughing spells can cause concussion |
Created by:
eippolito
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