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Biology Ch. 10 - 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Division | A process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells. |
| Asexual Reproduction | A process by which a singles parent reproduces by itself. |
| Sexual Reproduction | process by which two cells from different parents fuse, or join together, to produce the first cell of a new organism. |
| Chromosome | A threadlike structure that contains the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next. |
| Chromatin | A substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones. |
| Cell Cycle | A series of events a cell goes through as it grows and divides. |
| Interphase | A long period of the cell cycle between one cell division and the next. |
| Mitosis | The part of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the nucleus divides. |
| Cytokinesis | The part of the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides. |
| Chromatid | One of two identical “sister” parts of a replicated chromosome. |
| Centromere | An area where two sister chromatids are attached. |
| Growth Factor | An external regulatory protein that stimulates the growth and division of cells. |
| Apoptosis | A process in which a cell is programmed to die. |
| Cancer | A disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth. |
| Embryo | An organism in its early stage of development. |
| Differentiation | A process in which cells become specialized in structure and function. |
| Totipotent | Having the ability to develop into all the tissues of the body. |
| Pluripotent | Able to develop into all the body’s cell types, but not capable of developing into the tissues surrounding the embryo. |
| Stem Cell | An unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells. |
| Multipotent | Having the ability to produce many, but not all, kinds of differentiated cells. |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity. |
| Fertilization | The process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell. |
| Trait | A specific characteristic of an individual. |
| Gene | A factor that is passed from parent to an offspring. |
| Allele | One of a number of different forms of a gene. |
| Principle of Dominance | States that some alleles are dominant are others and recessive. |
| Segregation | The separation of alleles. |
| Gametes | Sex cells. |
| Probability | The likelihood that a particular event will occur. |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a particular gene. |
| Phenotype | The physical characteristics of an organism. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Independent Assortment | One of Mendel’s principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. |
| Codominance | A situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed. |
| Incomplete Dominance | A situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele. |
| Multiple Alleles | A gene that has more than two alleles. |
| Polygenic Traits | A trait controlled by two or more genes. |
| Homologous | The term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent. |
| Diploid | The term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes. |
| Haploid | The term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes. |
| Meiosis | The process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
| Crossing-Over | The process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg. |
| Transformation | A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria. |
| Bacteriophage | A kind of virus that infects bacteria. |
| Base Pairing | The principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. |
| DNA Polymerase | The principal enzyme involved in DNA replication. |
| Telomere | Repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome. |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | A single-stranded acid that contains the sugar ribose. |
| Messenger RNA | A type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell. |
| Ribosomal RNA | A type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes. |
| Transfer RNA | A type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis. |
| Transcription | The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template, or pattern. |
| Polypeptide | A long chain of amino acids that makes proteins. |
| Genetic Code | A collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis. |
| Codon | A group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein. |
| Translation | A process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein. |
| Anticodon | A group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA. |
| Mutation | A change in the genetic material of a cell. |
| Point Mutation | A gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed. |
| Frameshift Mutation | A mutation that shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide. |
| Mutagen | A chemical or physical agent in the environment that interacts with DNA and may cause a mutation. |
| Polyploidy | A condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. |
| Operon | In prokaryotes, a group of adjacent genes that share a common operator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA. |
| Operator | A short DNA region, adjacent to the promoter of a prokaryotic operon, that binds repressor proteins responsible for controlling the rate of transcription of the operon. |
| RNA Interference | The introduction of double-stranded RNA into a cell to inhibit gene expression. |
| Genome | The entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA. |
| Karyotype | A photograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order. |
| Sex Chromosome | One of two chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex. |
| Sex-Linked Gene | A gene located on a sex chromosome. |
| Pedigree | A chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations. |
| Nondisjunction | An error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly. |
| Restriction Enzyme | An enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides. |
| Gel Electrophoresis | A procedure used to analyze DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel. |
| Bioinformatics | The application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data. |
| Genomics | The study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions. |
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ZackBohac
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