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chapter 19 lauren

Earth science

QuestionAnswer
Stess Is the total force acting along the movement are felt as an earthquake.
Strain The deformation of materials in responsse to stress.
Elastic deformation Is caused when a material is compressedbent or stretched.
Plastic deformation Permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value.
Fault Fracture or system of fractures in earths crust that occurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great can form as a result of horizontal compression (reverse fault) horizontal shear (strike-slip fault) or horizontal tension ( normal fault)
Seismic wave The vibrations of the ground during an earthquake.
Primary wave Seismic wave that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travels known as a P-wave.
Secondary wave Seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direction of the wave known as an S-wave.
Focus Point of the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath earths surfaces.
Epicenter Point on earths surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
Seismometer Instrument used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake.
Seismogram Record produced by a seismometer that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave.
Richter scale Is devised by a geologist named Charles Richter. Its a numerical rating system that measures the energy of the largest seismic waves.
Magnitude That are produced during earthquakes.
Amplitude The size of the seismic waves an increase of one in the scale represents an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10.
Moment magnitude scale Scale used to measure earthquake magnitude taking into account the size of the fault rupture, the rocks stiffness,and amount of movement along the fault using values that can be estimated from the size of several types of seismic waves.
Modified Mercalli scale Measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII the higher the number the greater the damage the earthquake has caused.
Soil liquefaction Process associated with seismic vibrations that occur in areas of sand that is nearly saturated resulting in the ground behaving like a liquid.
Tsunami Large, powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake in shallow water can form huge fast-moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height that can damage coastal areas.
Seismic gap Are sections located along faults that are known to be active, but which have not experienced significant earthquakes for a long period of time.
Created by: laurenhenderson
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