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vaccine design MT
vaccine design
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Infectivity | The propensity for transmission Measured by the secondary attack rate in a household, school, etc. |
| Pathogenicity | The propensity for an agent to cause disease or clinical symptoms Measured by the apparent : inapparent infection ratio |
| Virulence | The propensity for an agent to cause severe disease Measured by the case fatality ratio |
| Incubation Period | The period between exposure to the agent and onset of infection (with symptoms or signs of infection) |
| Secondary attack rates | The rates of infection among exposed susceptibles after exposure to an index case, such as in a household or school |
| Persistent infection | A chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplication of the agent |
| Latent Infection | An infection with no active multiplication of the agent, as when viral nucleic acid is integrated into the nucleus of a cell as a provirus. In contrast to a persistent infection, only the genetic message is present in the host, not viable organisms. |
| Inapparent or Subclinical infection | An infection with no clinical symptoms, usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) response or culture |
| Immunity | The capacity of a person when exposed to an infectious agent to remain free of infection or clinical illness |
| Herd Immunity | resistance of a group to invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based upon the resistance to infection of a high proportion of individual members of the group. The resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those w |
| Relative Risk | equals the incidence in exposed individuals divided by the incidence in unexposed individuals. can be calculated from studies in which the proportion of patients exposed and unexposed to a risk is known, such as a cohort study. |
| Odds Ratio | equals the odds that an individual with a specific condition has been exposed to a risk factor divided by the odds that a control has been exposed. provides a reasonable estimate of the relative risk for uncommon conditions. |
| Attributable Risk | represents the difference in the rate of a disease in an exposed, compared with a non-exposed, population. It reflects the additional incidence of disease related to an exposure taking into account the background rate of the disease. calculated by subtra |
| Viruses | noncellular genetic elements that use a living cell for their replication and have an extracellular state. Viruses are ultramicroscopic particles containing nucleic acid surrounded by protein, and in some cases, other macromolecular components such as a m |
| capsid | Protein coat, formed of individual proteins called capsomeres. |
| Nucleocapsid | Genome+capsid |
| Envelopes | membranelike structure that encloses the nucleocapsid Derived from the host cell, contains viral-specific proteins Includes herpes simplex, chickenpox (varicella), EBV (epstein-barr virus) May include glycoprotein spikes |
| Pseudovirion | infectious agents that contain non-viral DNA, they are infectious but do not replicate. |
| Viroids | Infectious, subviral particles that have small circular ssRNA genomes (hepatitis D, enclosed in hep B virus capsid) |
| Attachment | The virus adsorbs to a susceptible host cell, with high specificity Envelope spikes may bind cell surface receptors. |
| Penetration of virus into cell | May occur by phagocytosis; may fuse the envelope of the virus with the cell membrane via endocytosis; or may inject the genome into the cell (phage) |
| Replication | Protein capsid is stripped. Protein and nucleic acid is synthesized. All viruses must make mRNA and use host ribosomes. Viruses mutate- Darwin in action! |
| Assembly and packaging | the viral genomes and capsomeres assemble into virions, in the cytoplasm or the nucleus. |
| Virion Release | For enveloped viruses, the nucleocapsids push through the cell membrane by budding (and take membrane with it). For lytic cycles, the host cell dies. Some viruses remain active within the host cells for a long period without replication (lysogeny); usuall |
| Picornaviridae | Naked, ssRNA, poliovirus, Rhinovirus |
| orthomyxoviridae | lipid containinig envelope, segmented ssRNA, influenza virus |
| Retroviridae | icosahedral, lipid-containing envelope, 2 identical ssRNA, HIV |
| Hepadnavirus | lipid containing envelope, dsDNA with gap, Hepatitus B virus |
| Papovaviridae | naked, circular dsDNA, HPV |
| Poxviridae | enveloped, dsDNA, smallpox virus, vaccinia virus |
| acute infection | Virus disappears after disease ends in this type of infection |
| latent infection | After initial infection, virus replicates in neurons in non-infectious state. virus activated to produce new disease symptoms in this type of infection |
| Chronic infection | after initial infection with or without disease symptoms, infectious virus is released from host with no symptoms in this type of infection |
| Slow infection | slow developing disease transmissible agents multiply without resulting in disease symptoms until they cause a fatal infection in this type of infection |
| Viral Attenuation | Serial passaging of virus through a foreign host to reduce virulence. Smallpox, measles, mumps rebella, chicken pox, oral polio vaccines. Virus acquires multiple mutations, thus will not grow well in the original host. Reproduce, but slowly. Cannot be use |
| Advantages of attenuated vaccines | Activates all phases of the immune system Provides more durable immunity; booster are required less frequently Low cost Quick immunity Easy to transport/administer |
| Disadvantages of attenuated vaccines | Secondary mutation can cause a reversion to virulence. Can cause severe complications in immunocompromised patients. Can be difficult to transport due to requirement to maintain conditions (e.g. temperature) |
| Affinity | the strength of interaction between one Ab site and one antigen epitope |
| Avidity | the combined strength of multiple bond interactions  |
| Innactivated Virus Vaccine | Type of vaccine Flu is |
| Recombinant protein vaccine | Type of vaccine Hepatitus B is |
| Conjugate vaccine | Type of vaccine Haemophilus Influenza type B is |
| Live attenuated vaccine | Type of vaccine Measles is |
Created by:
lschoett
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