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plants11
tissue and cell types
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Plant Body • Root system | • generally underground • obtains water and dissolved minerals for plant • usually anchors the plant firmly in place |
| • Shoot system | • generally aerial • obtains sunlight and carbon dioxide for plant |
| • Shoot system consists of | • a vertical stem bearing leaves (main organs of photosynthesis) • flowers and fruits (reproductive structures) |
| • Buds | (undeveloped embryonic shoots) develop on stems |
| • Although separate organs (roots, stems, and leaves) exist in the plant, many tissues are integrated throughout the plant body, providing continuity from organ to organ | |
| Three tissue systems | Ground tissue Vascular tissue Dermal tissue |
| • GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM | • All tissues of the plant body other than vascular tissues and dermal tissues |
| • VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM | • Tissue system that conducts materials throughout the plant body |
| • DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM | • Tissue system that provides an outer covering for the plant body |
| Ground Tissue System • Parenchyma tissue | • Composed of living parenchyma cells with thin primary cell walls • Functions include photosynthesis, storage, and secretion |
| Parenchyma Cells | – Basic plant cell – Living – Primary cell wall – Capable of division – Photosynthesis, storage and secretion |
| Ground Tissue System • Collenchyma tissue | • Composed of collenchyma cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls • Provides flexible structural support |
| Collenchyma Cells • Collenchyma | • Living • Unevenly thickened, non-lignified, primary walls • Soft and pliable • Elongated, often in strands • Provide support for growing tissues • Near vessels and under epidermis |
| Ground Tissue System • Sclerenchyma tissue | • Composed of sclerenchyma cells with both primary and secondary cell walls • Sclerenchyma cells are often dead at maturity, but provide structural support |
| Sclerenchyma Cells • Sclerenchyma | • Thick lignified walls • Lack protoplasts • Strength and support in areas no longer growing • Fibers • Long and slender • Often in strands or bundles • Fibers like hemp or flax • Short, often branched • Single or aggregates • Seed coats, shel |
| Vascular Tissue System • Conducts materials throughout the plant body and provides strength and support | • Xylem tissue • Phloem tissue |
| Xylem tissue • XYLEM | • A complex vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant body • Actual conducting cells of xylem are tracheids and vessel elements • Parenchyma cells for storage • Fiber cells for support |
| Vascular tissue • Xylem | • Water conduction • Elongated, secondary walls, no protoplast • Pits - areas with no 20 wall • Tracheid • Tapered ends • Water passes thru pits • Traps air • Vessel element • Only angiosperms • Perforation plate - hole in cell wall |
| Phloem tissue PHLOEM | • A complex vascular tissue that conducts food (carbohydrate) throughout the plant body • Conducting cells of phloem are sieve-tube elements assisted by companion cells • Parenchyma cells for storage • Fiber cells for support |
| Dermal Tissue System • Outer protective covering of the plant body | • Epidermis • Periderm |
| Dermal tissues | • Epidermis - outermost layer of cells on primary growth • Tightly packed variable cells without chloroplasts • Cuticle reduces water loss • Trichomes have appendages that serve many functions. • Root hairs • Pubescence (hairiness) • Glands |
| • Stomata | pores in leaf surface • Guard cells have chloroplasts and regulate the movement of gases |
| Dermal Tissue System • PERIDERM | • Outermost layer of cells covering a woody stem or root (the outer bark that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth) |
| Growth in Plants | • Involves cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation • Plants grow only in specific areas (meristems) composed of embryonic cells |
| • APICAL MERISTEM | • An area of cell division at the tip of a stem or root in a plant; produces primary tissues |
| • BUD | • A dormant embryonic shoot that eventually develops into an apical meristem |
| Differentiation and Growth | • Differentiation is positional • Most growth is enlargement • Planes of division and growth determine shape |
| Differentiation of Cells | Root Tip Stem Tip |
| Secondary Growth | • An increase in a plant’s stem and root girth due to the activity of lateral meristems (the vascular cambium and cork cambium) |
| • Woody plants | have secondary growth • In addition to primary growth • Secondary growth is localized, typically as long cylinders of active growth throughout the lengths of older stems and roots |
Created by:
ready2go44
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