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Biology 101
Exam two Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Energy | The capacity to do work and cause change |
| Kinetic energy (&examples) | energy of motion (heat and light) |
| Potential energy | The energy an object possesses but is being used. Determined by location or structure. |
| Thermodynamics | The study of energy tramsformations |
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics | States that: Energy may be transferred or transformed, but it cant be created or destroyed. Constant amount of energy. |
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics | States that: The amount of entropy (unusable energy) in the universe increases. All chemical reactions release heat (unusable energy). |
| Chemical Work | pushing of chemical reactions, synthesis of polymers |
| Transport Work | pumping of substrates across membranes |
| mechanical work | associated with movement (walking) |
| ATP (Adenosine Triposphate) | Energy source used by all living organisms |
| Phosphorilation | process where a molecule is a recipient of a phosphate group used for energy. It is used in chemical work. |
| Activation Energy | energy required to break bonds |
| Substrate | the product that an enzyme reacts with |
| Active Site | part of enzyme where reactions take place - use weak bonds to hold substrate |
| Allosteric regulation | where enzyme activity is regulated after production |
| Selectively permeable | -allow material to cross; not all. -important for vital chemical process. |
| Amphipathic | possess hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions |
| Hydrophobic | water hating |
| Hydrophillic | water loving |
| Integral proteins | these penetrate the hydropobic care of the membrane. (large) |
| Peripheral proteins | these are bound to the surface of a membrane (smaller) |
| Diffusion | movement of molecules along a concentration gradient (high to low concentration) |
| Passive transport | diffusion of molecules with out the use of energy |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water |
| Tonicity | ability of a solution to cause a cell to lose or gain water |
| Osmoregulation | ability to regulate water |
| Channel proteins | possess hydrophillic channels |
| carrier proteins | physically carry items -very specific |
| Facilitated diffusion | -passive transport -transport protreins -no energy needed |
| Active Transport | movement of molecules against a gradient -requires energy (ATP) |
| concentration gradient | a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases |
| isotonic | referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell |
| Hypertonic | referring to a solution that,when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water |
| Hypotonic | referring to a solution that,when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water |
| Nuclear envelope | -surrounds the nucleus -has 2 layers -perforated with pores |
| Chromosomes | discrete units that contain genetic information (DNA) |
| Nucleolus | -center of nucleus -production of ribosomes |
| Chromatin | complex of protein and DNA -coil up during cell reproduction to form chromosomes |
| Ribosomes | -consist of rRNA and protein -carry out protein synthesis |
| free floating ribosomes | -suspended throughout the cell -primary producers of enzymes |
| Bound ribosomes | attached to a membrane surface -produce structural and transport proteins |
| Endomembrane system | -system of membranes in the cell |
| Extensive Network | (ER) -makes up half of the total membrane surface in cell |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Rough ER | ER that has ribosomes |
| Golgi apparatus | shipping and receiving center of the cell -place where proteins and lipids are modified -consist of flattened sacs -produces carbohydrates |
| Transport vesicle | this transports proteins |
| cisternae | flattened sacs on the Golgi apparatus |
| lysosomes | a membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists |
| Mitochondria | -site where glucose is converted to ATP -found in most organisms |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment that gives plants their color |
| Thylakoids | membranous flattened sacs |
| Granum | stacks of thylakoids |
| stroma | fluid that surrounds the granum |
| Cytoskeleton | network of fibers -provides structure and support - organizes the cells activities |
| microtubules | hollow rods made from proteins (dimers) |
| microfilaments | solid rods made from protein called actin |
| Intermediate filaments | made up of fibrous proteins called keratin |
| Dimers | produces microtubules |
| actin | produces microfilaments-double twisted chains |
| keratin | solid rods that are super coiled -permanent structures |
| cell wall | protects the plant cell found in plant cells |
| middle lamella | glues adjacent cells together |
| collagen | -made of glycoproteins -found outside the cell |
| proteoglycans | woven network of carbs |
| Fibronectin | glycoproteins that attach ECM to cell membrane protein |
| chloroplast | an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| cristae | an in-folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
| plastids | found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes - includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts and amyloplasts |
| Genome | all genetic information |
| Chromosomes | -DNA and protein units -found in equal numbers |
| Chromatin | long fibers of DNA and protein that make up the chromosomes |
| Sister Chromatid | contains identical DNA material -will seperate during cell division |
| centromere | middle portion of the chromosome |
| Mitosis | describes the division of genetic materials |
| Cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm and cellular organelles |
| aster | a radial array or short mictrotubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis |
| cytoplasmic signals | cell cycle is controlled from signals from the cytoplasm called___ |
| kinases | provide the go-head signal at the G1 and G2 -found in equal concentrations through cell |
| cyclin | dependent kinases |
| Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) | respond to fluctuating concentrations of cyclin |
| cancer cells | cells that do not follow normal cell cycle and will continue to divide without regulation |
| transformation | normal cell converts to cancer cells -mutations |
| begin tumor | growth of abnormal cells that reamain at origin site |
| malignant tumor | abnormal cells that dont stay and invade other organs |
| metastasis | cells that spread to distant areas -travel down blood vessel |
Created by:
morgandarce
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