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Biology B5
B5 Revision Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the main 3 things the kidneys filter for excretion? | Urea, excess water and salt |
| What 3 things affect the amount and concentration of urine produced? | Water intake, temperature, and exercise. |
| What would happen if our kidneys didn’t filter out the toxins in our blood? | It would poison us and our organs would eventually start to shut down. |
| How does the body produce carbon dioxide? | Through respiration mostly in muscle cells. |
| How does the body expel carbon dioxide from the body? | By breathing, using the lungs. |
| Why do we need to maintain a constant level of water concentration in our blood plasma cells? | If there was excess water in our blood, the plasma cells would be unable to clot for cuts, (to keep infection out of our bloodstream). If there was a lack of water, then our blood would clot. |
| What are the main structural parts of a kidney? | Cortex, medulla, ureter, urethra, renal artery, renal vein. |
| How does the kidney work? | Blood is forced in at high pressure and is filtered, also reabsorbs water and useful substances. |
| What is urea, and where is it produced? | It is excess amino acids, and is produced in the liver to be filtered out by the kidney. |
| How does the kidney tubules filter blood? | A filter unit of glomerulus and capsule, then a region for reabsorption, then a region for salt and water regulation. |
| How is the concentration of urine controlled? | Receptors sense the concentration and inform the hypothalamus, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release ADH. Water is then reabsorbed. |
| What sort of feedback is ADH, and how does it work? | ADH is an example of negative feedback, and it increases the kidneys’ permeability or vice versa |
| List 2 benefits of internal skeletons to external skeletons. | Flexibility Can grow with the body Easy to attach muscles. |
| What are the advantages of a long bone? | They are hollow and are lighter as well as stronger. |
| Why are elderly people more prone to fractures? | Osteoporosis, because the bone density is decreased. |
| Where would you see a ball and socket joint? | Pelvis Shoulder |
| Why is it dangerous to move someone with a fracture? | If someone has a suspected fracture you could damage the bone further and also could also cause more damage to other areas. |
| What is the Universal recipient group? | AB |
| What are the consequences of a blocked coronary artery? | Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, and it can require treatment by by-pass surgery. |
| What are the consequences of damaged or weak valves in the heart? | It can reduce effective blood circulation, and it can required replacement by artificial valves. |
| Why does foetal screening raise ethical issues? | This could lead to “designer babies”: foetuses being aborted for tiny imperfections. |
| Why do the testes hang outside the body? | The optimum temperature for sperm production is lower then your internal body temperature. |
| What is ovulation? | When the female ovary releases an egg. |
| What does the hormone progesterone do? | Maintains the uterus wall. When there is no progesterone the uterus wall breaks down. |
| What is a moral issue concerning IVF? | Eggs are destroyed that are not used , to many people this is akin to abortion. Also some people think “it’s not natural.” |
| How are foetuses checked for genetic problems? | Early in development they separate some cells to test for genetic problems. |
| What effects height of a person? | Life style, growth hormones ,diet, genes and exercise. |
| Why is the head size of a baby closely monitored by doctors? | Because the head size can be checked against a graph showing the average head size range of healthy babies. |
| What reasons are there that life expectancy has increased? | More people have healthier life styles, there are more treatments and cures for disease, and better accommodation. |
| Where is the growth hormone produced? | The pituitary gland. |
| What are the social consequences of increased life expectancy? | Hospitals and Care homes have to be prepared for long time accommodation and care for the elderly. Younger people have to pay for the continued care of the relatives. |
| Why is there a shortage of donor organs? | Shortage of donors, the organs must have a good tissue match or the body will reject. |
| What drugs must organ recipients take so that their body does not reject the organs? | Immuno-suppressive drugs. |
| What are the side effects to immuno-suppressive drugs? | By weakening the immune system to stop it from rejecting organs, it also makes the body less resistant to disease. |
| What consequences are there of having a “Hole in the Heart”? | It can require corrective surgery to fix, and oxygenated blood can mix with deoxygenated blood, lowering the amount of oxygen supplied. |
| What types of heart conditions are there? | Irregular heart beat, hole in the heart, damaged valves, and coronary heart disease. |
| What do unsuccessful blood transfusions cause? | Agglutination (blood clotting). |
| Which three drugs help to control blood clotting? | Aspirin, Warfarin, and Heparin. |
| Why is a heart pacemaker better than a heart transplant? | It’s less intrusive, your heart recovers faster, and there is no need to wait for a donor. |
| What condition is inherited that makes blood much less likely to clot? | Haemophilia |
| What blood type is the “Universal Donor”? | O Rh- |
| What reasons are there for donating blood? | Serious trauma patients can need up to 100 units after their accident, and as people are getting older, the need is rising. |
| What are the main stages of the Menstrual cycle? | Menstruation, thickening of the uterus lining, and ovulation. |
| What are some of the causes of infertility in couples? | Blockage of fallopian tubes or sperm ducts, eggs not developed properly, or insufficient fertile sperm produced. |
| Which main hormones are produced in the ovaries? | Oestrogen and Progesterone. |
| What do oestrogen and progesterone do in the menstrual cycle? | Repairs and maintains the uterus wall. |
| What issues are there regarding infertility treatments? | High cost for a potentially ineffective treatment, and could be called “playing god” by some groups of people. |
| What types of contraception are there? | The pill, condom, implants, IUD, natural planning. |
| What is IVF? | In Vitro Fertilization, which involves taking eggs from the woman, fertilizing them with the man’s sperm, and replacing them into the uterus. |
| What does the pituitary gland do? | Release FSH and LH after instructions from the hypothalamus. It also releases ADH |
| How are heart muscles in the atrium controlled? | With nodes (the atrial ventricular node) The hearts natural pacemaker |
| Where is blood highest in pressure? | The arteries (aorta) |
| How do pacemakers work? | By sensing heart rhythms and sending out a electrical pulse to stabilise the rhythm. |
| Is blood pressure higher in a double circularity system or singular circularity system? | A double circularity system because it allows blood and minerals to be transported quicker around the body. |
| What does adrenaline do to your body? | It acts as a pain killer and a heart stimulant. |
| How do pacemaker cells control work? | By switching their charge from positive to negative they can produce electricity and cause heart contractions. |
| What is the difference between a vein and an artery? | Arteries travel away from the heart and veins travel toward the heart and are supported by valves. |
| Why must carbon dioxide be removed from the blood stream? | High levels of carbon dioxide can be toxic. |
| What's the difference between Egestion and Excretion? | Egestion gets rid of undigested food, excretion gets rid of waste from chemical reactions of the body |
| Name and locate the positions of the main organs of excretion. | Lungs remove carbon dioxide and some moisture, located in the ribcage, Kidneys, removes urea and salt. Skin, removes excess water, salt and excess heat, located all over the body. |
| Explain the principle of a dialysis machine and how it removes urea and maintains levels of sodium and glucose. | Works using diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane. Blood flows by one side and a special dialysis fluid, flows by the opposite side. The waste goes through into the fluid and out of the stream. |
| Explain why the amount and concentration of urine produced is affected by water intake and exercise. | During exercise, blood flow to the kidney is reduced,. Reduced water intake means that less water gets to the blood and we don’t produce as much urine. (ADH) |
| How does the body respond to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood? | The hypothalamus detects the increased levels of Carbon dioxide in the blood and increases breathing rate. |
| Explain how the concentration of urine is controlled by ADH. | ADH increases permeability of kidney tubules so more water is reabsorbed = less urine |
| Describe the symptoms of asthma | Difficulty breathing, wheezing, tight chest |
| Treatment for asthma | Inhalers |
| An industrial cause of lung diseases | Asbestosis |
| Problems with gaseous exchange in Amphibians. | The permeable skin of amphibians makes them susceptible to excessive water loss |
| Explain how gaseous exchange surfaces are adapted for efficient gaseous exchange | Permeable, moist surface, large surface area, good blood supply, thin lining (one cell thick) |
| Describe lung cancer | Cells grow rapidly by mitosis reducing surface area in lungs |
| Describe what a green stick fracture is? | This joint has 360 degrees of movement. |
| What is the structure of a long bone? | Head with a covering of cartilage. And a shaft containing bone marrow with blood vessels. |
| What is ossification? | This is when cartilage is slowly replaced with calcium and phosphorus as the bone hardens |
| What is the range of movement in a hinge joint? | When bones become weaker and are easily damaged. |
| What is the function of the synovial fluid? | lubricates joints. |
| What is the function of the synovial membrane? | produces synovial fluid. |
| What does the cartilage in a synovial joint do? | Reduces friction. Acts as a shock absorber. |
| What is the function of the ligaments in the synovial joint? | joins bone to bone, stabilising the joint. |
| What is the function of the tendons in the synovial joint? | joins muscle to bone enabling movement. |
| Why are long bones hollow? | Because this makes them stronger and lighter. |
| How do the Biceps and Triceps operate? | Antagonistically, as the biceps contract the triceps relax, bending the arm. |
| What is the importance of physical digestion? | To pass food more easily through the digestive system. To provide a larger surface area to aid absorption |
| Why is the pH in the stomach acidic? | Because then it is suitable for the protease enzymes. |
| Why is the pH in the mouth and small intestine alkaline? | Because it helps with chemical digestion sing carbohydrase enzymes. |
| What is the function of protease? | To break down proteins into amino acids. |
| What is the function of bile? | To improve the digestion of fat into fatty acids by emulsifying them. |
| How is starch broken down? | It is broken down to maltose and then into glucose by carbohydrase enzymes |
| Give an example of physical digestion? | Chewing , stomach contractions, and oesophagus peristalsis . |
| Give an example of chemical digestion? | Salivary amylase(mouth), hydrochloric acid and acids in the intestine (small) |
| Problems in supply of donor organs | Shortage of donors, tissue match, size and age |
| Explain problems of using mechanical replacements | Size, power supply, materials used, body rejection |
| Problems with people living longer | More care for the elderly, younger people having to care for the elders |
| How can diet affect growth | The less protein you eat the shorter you will be. Protein is important in development and puberty |
Created by:
copleston
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