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Bianca'smicrobes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Complete the following table with simple drawings to describe the shape of these bacterial groups. One column has been completed for you. Bacillus, Vibro, Sprillium, Coccus | Key feature:Baccilus: Rod like / rounded ends Must be 2 dimensional drawing for all. Single cell sufficient Vibro:Banana or comma like. Spirillum:Wiggly, spiral or corkscrew like |
| Give an example of a pathogenic bacteria and the disease it causes | Any example, eg: Staphylococcus (boils & pimples), Streptococcus (sore throats) Salmonella typhimurium (typhoid) Treponema (syphilis) etc. Bacterial disease. Identified either by bacteria or disease. |
| Some bacteria are classified as saprophytes, and others as parasites.Explain the difference between these groups. | Feeds on dead matter (saprophyte); feeds on living organic matter / material / host (parasite). Key distinction is dead / living. Comparison of feeding based on location / consequence of type of feeding Needs to include both groups for comparison. |
| Sketch a graph below to show the population growth curve of a colony of bacteria. | Completes the graph, as above. J or S-shape curve |
| Discuss how the reproduction of bacteria leads to rapid growth, and why such growth cannot continue indefinitely. PART 1 | Reproduce by binary fission/describe dividing in two each generation.Reason for shape is due to population doubling in each reproductive period. |
| Discuss how the reproduction of bacteria leads to rapid growth, and why such growth cannot continue indefinitely. PART 2 | explains that exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely due to limiting factors States and explains effect of limiting factor. |
| Complete the table below by naming the structures and describing their functions. | Sporangium + Produce / store spores Spores + For reproduction / start of new organism / means of dispersal Hyphae + Feeding / secretion of enzymes / extracellular digestion / securing fungus to substrate / absorb water and/or nutrients and/or food |
| Explain the role of yeast in the fermentation of alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine. | Describes fermentation in terms of forming alcohol and CO2 Explains that yeast is needed for: anaerobic respiration (of glucose) and ethanol / alcohol is produced and CO2 produced OR annotated (word or symbol) anaerobic equation (mentions yeast) |
| Explain why fungi and bacteria are important in nutrient cycles such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles. | Answer must refer to both fungi and bacteria, either together or separately. describes that fungi and bacteria are vital for decomposition |
| Explain why fungi and bacteria are important in nutrient cycles such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles. | Explains that without decomposition, nutrients would not be available / would run out / be all locked up in living animals and plants OR explains that fungi and bacteria make nutrients available in usable form |
| Discuss why the human immune system is often unable to defend against a viral attack. In your answer consider: the way a virus reproduces the structure of a virus the effect of mutations in the virus. | Describes all three of: Viruses can only reproduce in a host cell. Viruses contain nucleic acid (or RNA or DNA) / protein coat (may be shown in a diagram) Viruses can change, eg: Structure / shape / genetic material |
| Discuss why the human immune system is often unable to defend against a viral attack. | Reproduction Large numbers produced quickly / inability to identify as in the host cell / destruction of host cell. Structure Unable to recognise protein coat / new protein coat formed/new antigen formed |
| Discuss why the human immune system is often unable to defend against a viral attack. | Mutation DNA/RNA alters frequently/virus mutates quickly requiring new antibody/host cannot produce new anti-bodies quickly enough. |
| Discuss why the human immune system is often unable to defend against a viral attack | Discusses reasons for body not defending based on all three of reproduction / structure / mutation OR Relates body’s defence mechanisms to reproduction / structure / mutation |
| Describe THREE conditions that bacteria require for reproduction | Warmth, moisture, food source, space. Elaborate more for EXELLENCE, eg: warmth: 37° |
| Describe how bacteria can cause food poisoning. | Bacteria reproduce on food if conditions allow growth. The bacteria release toxins into the food which can be a poison to humans making them sick. |
| (i)Name of food made: The micro-organism used: The life-process of the micro-organism used in making the food: | Eg Yoghurt / cheese is produced by the fermentation / respiration of bacteria added to milk. Bread / wine is produced by the fermentation / anaerobic respiration of sugars by yeast. |
| Explain how the life-process of the micro-organism is used in making the food.achieved | Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration of bacteria produces Lactic acid Beer/Wine: Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration of yeast produces Carbon Dioxide /Alcohol Yoghurt: Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration of Bacteria produces Lactic Acid. |
| Explain how the life-process of the micro-organism is used in making the food.Merit | Gives reasons for how the named food is produced through a life process of the named microbe. Carbon Dioxide makes holes in the cheese. Wastes add flavour to the cheese. Lactic Acid causes milk to curdle. Fungal wastes add flavour. |
| Explain how the life-process of the micro-organism is used in making the food. MERIT | Alcohol gives beer its characteristic flavour / gives beer it’s depressant qualities Bread: Carbon Dioxide causes the bread to rise. Yoghurt: The Lactic Acid (lowers the pH of the milk) allowing the milk (proteins) to curdle/ precipitate solid curds. |
| Describe the function of the sporangium in fungi. | To produce/store/release spores for reproduction. Must include the word spores |
| Explain how fungi feed. | Fungi feed by extra-cellular digestion. (or description of extra-cellular digestion) Fungi feed by secreting enzymes into their food. |
| Gives a reason for how fungi feed; Fungi are saprophytes feeding on dead organic material. They feed by extra-cellular digestion. This means they secrete enzymes through the walls of their fine feeding hyphae, which break down the food into nutrients | The digested nutrients are then absorbed through the hyphae wall by active transport. The nutrients are used for growth or used in respiration to release energy. |
| Describe how meningitis can be passed between people. | Describes ONE valid method of transmission. Eg Sharing drink bottles / kissing / touching an infected person / through phlegm and coughing on someone. |
| )Explain how a vaccine works to prevent bacterial infections such as meningitis. | Defines what a vaccine is OR describes the effect of a vaccine.Eg Makes body produce antibodies against bacteria / provides body with antibodies against bacteria. (word ‘antibodies’ required) |
| Explains how a vaccine works. | Eg A vaccine is a dead or weakened form of bacterium that induces the person’s body to make antibodies in advance, so it will respond quickly and kill meningococcal bacteria if they infect the body. |
| The life processes of bacteria and viruses can cause illness like meningitis. Discuss how the life processes of bacteria and viruses cause illness. | Describes how bacteria or viruses cause illness. Eg bacteria excrete toxins / substances / chemicals which cause illness / inflammation of the lining of spinal cord and brain OR viruses reproduce inside (living) body cells and kill them. |
| Explains how both cause illness | Eg Bacteria excrete toxins which cause body cells to become inflamed / malfunction. AND Viruses reproduce inside living body cells causing the cells to die so organs malfunction. |
| Makes links between how both viruses and bacteria cause illness. | Viruses reproduce in a living cell, and because they can make many hundreds of viruses inside each cell before it dies this causes many more cells to die and organs to malfunction which leads to illness. |
| Makes links between how both viruses and bacteria cause illness. Reproduction of viruses and bacteria cause illness for a different reason. | Bacterial reproduction doesn’t destroy living cells, but instead increases the number of bacteria so that the amount of toxin they excrete increases. It is the toxin which then causes inflammation in parts of the body. |
Created by:
BiancaUngurean7
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